Parasympathetic Responses to Face Cooling in Adolescents with Sport-Related Concussion and After Clinical Recovery
Face cooling (FC) initiates the mammalian dive reflex, which elicits a parasympathetic autonomic response. In our pilot study, collegiate athletes had a blunted parasympathetic response to FC within 10 days of sport-related concussion (SRC). The objective of the current study was to assess the FC re...
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Mary Ann Liebert
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Neurotrauma Reports |
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| Online Access: | https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/neur.2024.0138 |
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| author | Mohammad N. Haider Haley M. Chizuk Blair D. Johnson Joel S. Burma Jaffer A. Sayeed Emma Anderson Barry S. Willer John J. Leddy |
| author_facet | Mohammad N. Haider Haley M. Chizuk Blair D. Johnson Joel S. Burma Jaffer A. Sayeed Emma Anderson Barry S. Willer John J. Leddy |
| author_sort | Mohammad N. Haider |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Face cooling (FC) initiates the mammalian dive reflex, which elicits a parasympathetic autonomic response. In our pilot study, collegiate athletes had a blunted parasympathetic response to FC within 10 days of sport-related concussion (SRC). The objective of the current study was to assess the FC response in adolescent athletes with acute SRC and after clinical recovery. Symptomatic adolescents with SRC (n = 23, 15.48 ± 1.2 years, 52% male) had heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) measured during the FC test (7.83 ± 2.5 days since injury) and again after clinical recovery (46.44 ± 36.4 days later). Controls (n = 24, 15.83 ± 1.6 years, 58% male) performed the same assessments twice (48.00 ± 18.9 days apart). The main outcome measures were the rate of change in HR and HR variability (HRV) during the first 2 min of FC. Throughout FC, we found no significant differences between groups at the initial visit in the rate of change for HR (mean difference = 2.58 [−0.33, 5.50] bpm/min, p = 0.082), mean arterial BP (−0.02 [−3.49, 3.45] mmHg/min, p = 0.990), root mean square of successive differences (−13.46 [−34.02, 7.10] ms/min, p = 0.197) or low to high-frequency ratio (0.24 [−0.77, 1.25], p = 0.637). We also found no differences in our main outcome measures among concussed adolescents with delayed recovery (n = 10) compared with those with normal recovery (n = 13). A history of prior concussion had a significant effect on the HR and HRV responses to FC, suggesting that SRC may have prolonged effects on the autonomic nervous system (ANS). We conclude that acutely concussed adolescents do not differ from controls in parasympathetic response to FC acutely or upon recovery but that a history of concussion affects this response. We recommend that future studies control for concussion history when investigating the ANS in concussed adolescents. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-726686bcaa8c459e95d2dc4c6d061267 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2689-288X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Mary Ann Liebert |
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| series | Neurotrauma Reports |
| spelling | doaj-art-726686bcaa8c459e95d2dc4c6d0612672025-08-20T02:59:07ZengMary Ann LiebertNeurotrauma Reports2689-288X2025-01-01619310510.1089/neur.2024.0138Parasympathetic Responses to Face Cooling in Adolescents with Sport-Related Concussion and After Clinical RecoveryMohammad N. Haider0Haley M. Chizuk1Blair D. Johnson2Joel S. Burma3Jaffer A. Sayeed4Emma Anderson5Barry S. Willer6John J. Leddy7Department of Orthopaedics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.Department of Orthopaedics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.Department of Psychiatry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.Department of Orthopaedics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.Face cooling (FC) initiates the mammalian dive reflex, which elicits a parasympathetic autonomic response. In our pilot study, collegiate athletes had a blunted parasympathetic response to FC within 10 days of sport-related concussion (SRC). The objective of the current study was to assess the FC response in adolescent athletes with acute SRC and after clinical recovery. Symptomatic adolescents with SRC (n = 23, 15.48 ± 1.2 years, 52% male) had heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) measured during the FC test (7.83 ± 2.5 days since injury) and again after clinical recovery (46.44 ± 36.4 days later). Controls (n = 24, 15.83 ± 1.6 years, 58% male) performed the same assessments twice (48.00 ± 18.9 days apart). The main outcome measures were the rate of change in HR and HR variability (HRV) during the first 2 min of FC. Throughout FC, we found no significant differences between groups at the initial visit in the rate of change for HR (mean difference = 2.58 [−0.33, 5.50] bpm/min, p = 0.082), mean arterial BP (−0.02 [−3.49, 3.45] mmHg/min, p = 0.990), root mean square of successive differences (−13.46 [−34.02, 7.10] ms/min, p = 0.197) or low to high-frequency ratio (0.24 [−0.77, 1.25], p = 0.637). We also found no differences in our main outcome measures among concussed adolescents with delayed recovery (n = 10) compared with those with normal recovery (n = 13). A history of prior concussion had a significant effect on the HR and HRV responses to FC, suggesting that SRC may have prolonged effects on the autonomic nervous system (ANS). We conclude that acutely concussed adolescents do not differ from controls in parasympathetic response to FC acutely or upon recovery but that a history of concussion affects this response. We recommend that future studies control for concussion history when investigating the ANS in concussed adolescents.https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/neur.2024.0138autonomic nervous systemface coolingheart rate variabilitysport-related concussion |
| spellingShingle | Mohammad N. Haider Haley M. Chizuk Blair D. Johnson Joel S. Burma Jaffer A. Sayeed Emma Anderson Barry S. Willer John J. Leddy Parasympathetic Responses to Face Cooling in Adolescents with Sport-Related Concussion and After Clinical Recovery Neurotrauma Reports autonomic nervous system face cooling heart rate variability sport-related concussion |
| title | Parasympathetic Responses to Face Cooling in Adolescents with Sport-Related Concussion and After Clinical Recovery |
| title_full | Parasympathetic Responses to Face Cooling in Adolescents with Sport-Related Concussion and After Clinical Recovery |
| title_fullStr | Parasympathetic Responses to Face Cooling in Adolescents with Sport-Related Concussion and After Clinical Recovery |
| title_full_unstemmed | Parasympathetic Responses to Face Cooling in Adolescents with Sport-Related Concussion and After Clinical Recovery |
| title_short | Parasympathetic Responses to Face Cooling in Adolescents with Sport-Related Concussion and After Clinical Recovery |
| title_sort | parasympathetic responses to face cooling in adolescents with sport related concussion and after clinical recovery |
| topic | autonomic nervous system face cooling heart rate variability sport-related concussion |
| url | https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/neur.2024.0138 |
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