Mitigating ammonium toxicity in strawberry cultivation: effective fertilization practices for sustainable crop production
Abstract Nitrogen is crucial for plant growth, but deficiency and excess can harm plants. Fertilizers like Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), which releases ammonium (NH4 +), are common, yet over-application can cause NH4 + toxicity, resulting in stunted roots and leaf damage. This study investigated the i...
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BMC
2025-02-01
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| Series: | BMC Plant Biology |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06269-4 |
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| author | Ghulam Sarwar Rutaba Noor Tauseef Anwar Huma Qureshi Faizan Khalid Muhammad Younus Muhammad Waqar Hassan Muhammad Sajid-ur-Rehman Muhammad Tahir Naseem Gadah Albasher Mohammad Javed Ansari Rana Tauqeer Ahmad |
| author_facet | Ghulam Sarwar Rutaba Noor Tauseef Anwar Huma Qureshi Faizan Khalid Muhammad Younus Muhammad Waqar Hassan Muhammad Sajid-ur-Rehman Muhammad Tahir Naseem Gadah Albasher Mohammad Javed Ansari Rana Tauqeer Ahmad |
| author_sort | Ghulam Sarwar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Nitrogen is crucial for plant growth, but deficiency and excess can harm plants. Fertilizers like Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), which releases ammonium (NH4 +), are common, yet over-application can cause NH4 + toxicity, resulting in stunted roots and leaf damage. This study investigated the impact of NH4 + toxicity on strawberry growth, yield, and fruit quality to inform better fertilization practices. The experiment was conducted at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Five treatments with varying DAP rates (0 g, 4 g, 7 g, 10 g, and 13 g per plant) were applied to strawberry plants in a completely randomized design with four replications. Photosynthetic pigments, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), and yield parameters were measured. The 4 g DAP treatment yielded the highest chlorophyll-a (0.5775 mg/g FW) and total chlorophyll content (0.705 mg/g FW). However, increasing DAP doses led to a decline in chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and total chlorophyll content, with the 13 g DAP treatment exhibiting the lowest levels. H2O2 content increased with higher DAP doses, with the 13 g DAP treatment showing the highest value (75 µmol/g FW). Higher DAP doses also increased MDA content and EL, indicating oxidative stress and membrane damage. The 4 g DAP treatment showed minimal changes in H2O2 and MDA content. Moderate DAP levels (4 g per plant) enhanced strawberry growth, yield, and photosynthetic activity, while higher doses caused significant stress, leading to reduced growth and yield. Managing NH4 + levels in fertilization is crucial for optimizing strawberry production. Therefore, moderate doses of DAP (ammonium ion) should be used to avoid ammonium toxicity. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-72254d0c03c54b409d4d13e734ab8dc2 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1471-2229 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Plant Biology |
| spelling | doaj-art-72254d0c03c54b409d4d13e734ab8dc22025-08-20T02:01:35ZengBMCBMC Plant Biology1471-22292025-02-0125111310.1186/s12870-025-06269-4Mitigating ammonium toxicity in strawberry cultivation: effective fertilization practices for sustainable crop productionGhulam Sarwar0Rutaba Noor1Tauseef Anwar2Huma Qureshi3Faizan Khalid4Muhammad Younus5Muhammad Waqar Hassan6Muhammad Sajid-ur-Rehman7Muhammad Tahir Naseem8Gadah Albasher9Mohammad Javed Ansari10Rana Tauqeer Ahmad11Department of Botany, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Botany, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Botany, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Botany, University of ChakwalDepartment of Botany, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Pharmacognosy, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Entomology, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Pharmacognosy, The Islamia University of BahawalpurDepartment of Electronic Engineering, Yeungnam UniversityDepartment of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud UniversityDepartment of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (MJP Rohilkhand University Bareilly)Regional Agriculture Research InstituteAbstract Nitrogen is crucial for plant growth, but deficiency and excess can harm plants. Fertilizers like Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), which releases ammonium (NH4 +), are common, yet over-application can cause NH4 + toxicity, resulting in stunted roots and leaf damage. This study investigated the impact of NH4 + toxicity on strawberry growth, yield, and fruit quality to inform better fertilization practices. The experiment was conducted at The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Five treatments with varying DAP rates (0 g, 4 g, 7 g, 10 g, and 13 g per plant) were applied to strawberry plants in a completely randomized design with four replications. Photosynthetic pigments, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), electrolyte leakage (EL), and yield parameters were measured. The 4 g DAP treatment yielded the highest chlorophyll-a (0.5775 mg/g FW) and total chlorophyll content (0.705 mg/g FW). However, increasing DAP doses led to a decline in chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and total chlorophyll content, with the 13 g DAP treatment exhibiting the lowest levels. H2O2 content increased with higher DAP doses, with the 13 g DAP treatment showing the highest value (75 µmol/g FW). Higher DAP doses also increased MDA content and EL, indicating oxidative stress and membrane damage. The 4 g DAP treatment showed minimal changes in H2O2 and MDA content. Moderate DAP levels (4 g per plant) enhanced strawberry growth, yield, and photosynthetic activity, while higher doses caused significant stress, leading to reduced growth and yield. Managing NH4 + levels in fertilization is crucial for optimizing strawberry production. Therefore, moderate doses of DAP (ammonium ion) should be used to avoid ammonium toxicity.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06269-4Ammonium toxicityDiammonium phosphateElectrolyte leakageFertilization managementNutrient homeostasisOxidative stress |
| spellingShingle | Ghulam Sarwar Rutaba Noor Tauseef Anwar Huma Qureshi Faizan Khalid Muhammad Younus Muhammad Waqar Hassan Muhammad Sajid-ur-Rehman Muhammad Tahir Naseem Gadah Albasher Mohammad Javed Ansari Rana Tauqeer Ahmad Mitigating ammonium toxicity in strawberry cultivation: effective fertilization practices for sustainable crop production BMC Plant Biology Ammonium toxicity Diammonium phosphate Electrolyte leakage Fertilization management Nutrient homeostasis Oxidative stress |
| title | Mitigating ammonium toxicity in strawberry cultivation: effective fertilization practices for sustainable crop production |
| title_full | Mitigating ammonium toxicity in strawberry cultivation: effective fertilization practices for sustainable crop production |
| title_fullStr | Mitigating ammonium toxicity in strawberry cultivation: effective fertilization practices for sustainable crop production |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mitigating ammonium toxicity in strawberry cultivation: effective fertilization practices for sustainable crop production |
| title_short | Mitigating ammonium toxicity in strawberry cultivation: effective fertilization practices for sustainable crop production |
| title_sort | mitigating ammonium toxicity in strawberry cultivation effective fertilization practices for sustainable crop production |
| topic | Ammonium toxicity Diammonium phosphate Electrolyte leakage Fertilization management Nutrient homeostasis Oxidative stress |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-06269-4 |
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