Recent advances (2022–2024) in eye-tracking for Parkinson’s disease: a promising tool for diagnosing and monitoring symptoms
IntroductionParkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms, including impaired oculomotor functions. Eye-tracking technology, a precise and non-invasive method for measuring eye movements, has emerged as a promisi...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-05-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1534073/full |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850261627454095360 |
|---|---|
| author | Laura Culicetto Davide Cardile Giulia Marafioti Viviana Lo Buono Francesca Ferraioli Simona Massimino Giuseppe Di Lorenzo Chiara Sorbera Amelia Brigandì Carmelo Mario Vicario Angelo Quartarone Silvia Marino |
| author_facet | Laura Culicetto Davide Cardile Giulia Marafioti Viviana Lo Buono Francesca Ferraioli Simona Massimino Giuseppe Di Lorenzo Chiara Sorbera Amelia Brigandì Carmelo Mario Vicario Angelo Quartarone Silvia Marino |
| author_sort | Laura Culicetto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionParkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms, including impaired oculomotor functions. Eye-tracking technology, a precise and non-invasive method for measuring eye movements, has emerged as a promising tool for diagnosing and monitoring PD progression. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of eye-tracking in assessing motor and cognitive alterations associated with PD.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies applying eye-tracking to assess oculomotor functions in PD patients. Only articles published from 2022 to 2024 were considered.ResultsA total of 10809 studies were identified. 18 met the inclusion criteria and were included. Findings indicate that eye-tracking may offer valuable insights into both oculomotor and cognitive dysfunctions. Specific metrics such as saccade velocity, fixation duration, and pupil size have been correlated with disease severity. Recent technological advancements, including the integration of machine learning (ML) and virtual reality (VR), have further enhanced the diagnostic accuracy and scalability of eye-tracking methods.ConclusionIn the past 3 years, eye-tracking has rapidly advanced, particularly through its integration with ML and VR. These innovations have enhanced precision, accessibility, and clinical relevance. Emerging evidence also supports its potential to detect eye movement biomarkers associated with disease stage, motor subtypes, and cognitive decline. This review synthesizes the latest findings, underscoring the role of eye-tracking as a scalable and personalized tool for PD assessment. However, further efforts are needed to address challenges such as protocol standardization and device variability.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024602802, identifier CRD42024602802. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-720fdf4df4a440f79397d77d78424b14 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1663-4365 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj-art-720fdf4df4a440f79397d77d78424b142025-08-20T01:55:21ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience1663-43652025-05-011710.3389/fnagi.2025.15340731534073Recent advances (2022–2024) in eye-tracking for Parkinson’s disease: a promising tool for diagnosing and monitoring symptomsLaura Culicetto0Davide Cardile1Giulia Marafioti2Viviana Lo Buono3Francesca Ferraioli4Simona Massimino5Giuseppe Di Lorenzo6Chiara Sorbera7Amelia Brigandì8Carmelo Mario Vicario9Angelo Quartarone10Silvia Marino11IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e Degli Studi Culturali, Università Degli Studi di Messina, Messina, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e Degli Studi Culturali, Università Degli Studi di Messina, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Cognitive, Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e Degli Studi Culturali, Università Degli Studi di Messina, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, ItalyIRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Messina, ItalyIntroductionParkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by both motor and non-motor symptoms, including impaired oculomotor functions. Eye-tracking technology, a precise and non-invasive method for measuring eye movements, has emerged as a promising tool for diagnosing and monitoring PD progression. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of eye-tracking in assessing motor and cognitive alterations associated with PD.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies applying eye-tracking to assess oculomotor functions in PD patients. Only articles published from 2022 to 2024 were considered.ResultsA total of 10809 studies were identified. 18 met the inclusion criteria and were included. Findings indicate that eye-tracking may offer valuable insights into both oculomotor and cognitive dysfunctions. Specific metrics such as saccade velocity, fixation duration, and pupil size have been correlated with disease severity. Recent technological advancements, including the integration of machine learning (ML) and virtual reality (VR), have further enhanced the diagnostic accuracy and scalability of eye-tracking methods.ConclusionIn the past 3 years, eye-tracking has rapidly advanced, particularly through its integration with ML and VR. These innovations have enhanced precision, accessibility, and clinical relevance. Emerging evidence also supports its potential to detect eye movement biomarkers associated with disease stage, motor subtypes, and cognitive decline. This review synthesizes the latest findings, underscoring the role of eye-tracking as a scalable and personalized tool for PD assessment. However, further efforts are needed to address challenges such as protocol standardization and device variability.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42024602802, identifier CRD42024602802.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1534073/fulleye trackingParkinson’s diseaseassessmentmachine learningvirtual reality |
| spellingShingle | Laura Culicetto Davide Cardile Giulia Marafioti Viviana Lo Buono Francesca Ferraioli Simona Massimino Giuseppe Di Lorenzo Chiara Sorbera Amelia Brigandì Carmelo Mario Vicario Angelo Quartarone Silvia Marino Recent advances (2022–2024) in eye-tracking for Parkinson’s disease: a promising tool for diagnosing and monitoring symptoms Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience eye tracking Parkinson’s disease assessment machine learning virtual reality |
| title | Recent advances (2022–2024) in eye-tracking for Parkinson’s disease: a promising tool for diagnosing and monitoring symptoms |
| title_full | Recent advances (2022–2024) in eye-tracking for Parkinson’s disease: a promising tool for diagnosing and monitoring symptoms |
| title_fullStr | Recent advances (2022–2024) in eye-tracking for Parkinson’s disease: a promising tool for diagnosing and monitoring symptoms |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recent advances (2022–2024) in eye-tracking for Parkinson’s disease: a promising tool for diagnosing and monitoring symptoms |
| title_short | Recent advances (2022–2024) in eye-tracking for Parkinson’s disease: a promising tool for diagnosing and monitoring symptoms |
| title_sort | recent advances 2022 2024 in eye tracking for parkinson s disease a promising tool for diagnosing and monitoring symptoms |
| topic | eye tracking Parkinson’s disease assessment machine learning virtual reality |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1534073/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lauraculicetto recentadvances20222024ineyetrackingforparkinsonsdiseaseapromisingtoolfordiagnosingandmonitoringsymptoms AT davidecardile recentadvances20222024ineyetrackingforparkinsonsdiseaseapromisingtoolfordiagnosingandmonitoringsymptoms AT giuliamarafioti recentadvances20222024ineyetrackingforparkinsonsdiseaseapromisingtoolfordiagnosingandmonitoringsymptoms AT vivianalobuono recentadvances20222024ineyetrackingforparkinsonsdiseaseapromisingtoolfordiagnosingandmonitoringsymptoms AT francescaferraioli recentadvances20222024ineyetrackingforparkinsonsdiseaseapromisingtoolfordiagnosingandmonitoringsymptoms AT simonamassimino recentadvances20222024ineyetrackingforparkinsonsdiseaseapromisingtoolfordiagnosingandmonitoringsymptoms AT giuseppedilorenzo recentadvances20222024ineyetrackingforparkinsonsdiseaseapromisingtoolfordiagnosingandmonitoringsymptoms AT chiarasorbera recentadvances20222024ineyetrackingforparkinsonsdiseaseapromisingtoolfordiagnosingandmonitoringsymptoms AT ameliabrigandi recentadvances20222024ineyetrackingforparkinsonsdiseaseapromisingtoolfordiagnosingandmonitoringsymptoms AT carmelomariovicario recentadvances20222024ineyetrackingforparkinsonsdiseaseapromisingtoolfordiagnosingandmonitoringsymptoms AT angeloquartarone recentadvances20222024ineyetrackingforparkinsonsdiseaseapromisingtoolfordiagnosingandmonitoringsymptoms AT silviamarino recentadvances20222024ineyetrackingforparkinsonsdiseaseapromisingtoolfordiagnosingandmonitoringsymptoms |