The effects of teaching strategies on learning to think critically in primary and secondary schools: an overview of systematic reviews [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]

Background We conducted an overview of systematic reviews about the effects of teaching strategies that can be used to teach primary and secondary school students to think critically. Our objective was to inform decisions about what teaching strategies to use in resources that we developed to teach...

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Main Authors: Margaret Kaseje, Andrew D. Oxman, Allen Nsangi, Sarah E. Rosenbaum, Heather Munthe-Kaas, Laura Martínez García, Daniel Semakula, Laura Samsó Jofra
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: F1000 Research Ltd 2025-04-01
Series:F1000Research
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Online Access:https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1426/v2
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author Margaret Kaseje
Andrew D. Oxman
Allen Nsangi
Sarah E. Rosenbaum
Heather Munthe-Kaas
Laura Martínez García
Daniel Semakula
Laura Samsó Jofra
author_facet Margaret Kaseje
Andrew D. Oxman
Allen Nsangi
Sarah E. Rosenbaum
Heather Munthe-Kaas
Laura Martínez García
Daniel Semakula
Laura Samsó Jofra
author_sort Margaret Kaseje
collection DOAJ
description Background We conducted an overview of systematic reviews about the effects of teaching strategies that can be used to teach primary and secondary school students to think critically. Our objective was to inform decisions about what teaching strategies to use in resources that we developed to teach critical thinking about health in secondary schools. Methods We mapped characteristics of systematic reviews of teaching strategies and summarised findings from the most relevant reviews to teaching students to think critically about health. We included reviews that assessed the effects of teaching strategies that could potentially be used in primary or secondary schools to teach students to think critically, had a Methods section with explicit selection criteria, reported at least one outcome measure of the ability to undertake one of four basic types of cognitive tasks (memory, procedural, comprehension, or opinion), and were published after 1999. Results We included 326 systematic reviews. The reviews evaluated a wide range of teaching strategies for a variety of purposes. Important limitations of the reviews included not considering adverse effects (99% of the reviews), not assessing the risk of bias for included studies (93% of the reviews), and not assessing the credibility of subgroup effects (100% of the reviews). We summarised the findings for 37 teaching strategies that we considered most relevant. The certainty of the evidence of the effects varied from very low to moderate. We used 12 of the strategies in resources that we developed to teach secondary students to think critically about health. Conclusions A tremendous amount of work has gone into evaluating the effects of a wide range of teaching strategies. The results of this research can inform decisions about how to teach critical thinking and future research. However, well-designed, up-to-date systematic reviews are still needed for many teaching strategies.
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spelling doaj-art-720b54f8a3c0488aac6dfd2550a35f552025-08-20T02:18:29ZengF1000 Research LtdF1000Research2046-14022025-04-011310.12688/f1000research.158087.2180475The effects of teaching strategies on learning to think critically in primary and secondary schools: an overview of systematic reviews [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]Margaret Kaseje0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9789-1927Andrew D. Oxman1Allen Nsangi2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8702-9217Sarah E. Rosenbaum3https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8334-7664Heather Munthe-Kaas4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6051-9010Laura Martínez García5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-8706Daniel Semakula6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0806-213XLaura Samsó Jofra7https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5975-702XTropical Institute of Community Health and Development in Africa, Kisumu, KenyaCentre for Epidemic Interventions Research (CEIR), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Oslo, 0213, NorwayCollege of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Central Region, UgandaCentre for Epidemic Interventions Research (CEIR), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Oslo, 0213, NorwayCentre for Epidemic Interventions Research (CEIR), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Oslo, 0213, NorwayIberoamerican Cochrane Centre, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainCollege of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Central Region, UgandaEpidemiology and Public Health Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Catalonia, SpainBackground We conducted an overview of systematic reviews about the effects of teaching strategies that can be used to teach primary and secondary school students to think critically. Our objective was to inform decisions about what teaching strategies to use in resources that we developed to teach critical thinking about health in secondary schools. Methods We mapped characteristics of systematic reviews of teaching strategies and summarised findings from the most relevant reviews to teaching students to think critically about health. We included reviews that assessed the effects of teaching strategies that could potentially be used in primary or secondary schools to teach students to think critically, had a Methods section with explicit selection criteria, reported at least one outcome measure of the ability to undertake one of four basic types of cognitive tasks (memory, procedural, comprehension, or opinion), and were published after 1999. Results We included 326 systematic reviews. The reviews evaluated a wide range of teaching strategies for a variety of purposes. Important limitations of the reviews included not considering adverse effects (99% of the reviews), not assessing the risk of bias for included studies (93% of the reviews), and not assessing the credibility of subgroup effects (100% of the reviews). We summarised the findings for 37 teaching strategies that we considered most relevant. The certainty of the evidence of the effects varied from very low to moderate. We used 12 of the strategies in resources that we developed to teach secondary students to think critically about health. Conclusions A tremendous amount of work has gone into evaluating the effects of a wide range of teaching strategies. The results of this research can inform decisions about how to teach critical thinking and future research. However, well-designed, up-to-date systematic reviews are still needed for many teaching strategies.https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1426/v2Teaching strategies Critical thinking Health Systematic reviewseng
spellingShingle Margaret Kaseje
Andrew D. Oxman
Allen Nsangi
Sarah E. Rosenbaum
Heather Munthe-Kaas
Laura Martínez García
Daniel Semakula
Laura Samsó Jofra
The effects of teaching strategies on learning to think critically in primary and secondary schools: an overview of systematic reviews [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
F1000Research
Teaching strategies
Critical thinking
Health
Systematic reviews
eng
title The effects of teaching strategies on learning to think critically in primary and secondary schools: an overview of systematic reviews [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
title_full The effects of teaching strategies on learning to think critically in primary and secondary schools: an overview of systematic reviews [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
title_fullStr The effects of teaching strategies on learning to think critically in primary and secondary schools: an overview of systematic reviews [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
title_full_unstemmed The effects of teaching strategies on learning to think critically in primary and secondary schools: an overview of systematic reviews [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
title_short The effects of teaching strategies on learning to think critically in primary and secondary schools: an overview of systematic reviews [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]
title_sort effects of teaching strategies on learning to think critically in primary and secondary schools an overview of systematic reviews version 2 peer review 2 approved
topic Teaching strategies
Critical thinking
Health
Systematic reviews
eng
url https://f1000research.com/articles/13-1426/v2
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