Dysregulated Adaptive Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Immunocompromised Individuals

Dysregulated Adaptive Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Immunocompromised Individuals

The SARS-CoV-2 virus poses a significant risk to immunocompromised patients, who display weakened immunity and reduced seroconversion following infection and vaccination. In this study, we recruited 19 hospitalized patients with immune disorders (ImCo) and 4 immunocompetent controls (ICC) with COVID...

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Main Authors: Núria Mayola Danés, Demi Brownlie, Rebecca Folkman, Anna Nordlander, Kim Blom, Renata Varnaite, Julia Niessl, Oskar Karlsson Lindsjö, Sandra Söderholm, Mira Akber, Puran Chen, Marcus Buggert, Andreas Bråve, Jonas Klingström, Piotr Nowak, Nicole Marquardt, Klara Sondén, Ola Blennow, Sara Gredmark-Russ
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Microorganisms
Subjects:
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
immunocompromised patients
immunosuppression
cellular immunity
humoral immunity
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/5/1077
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Summary:The SARS-CoV-2 virus poses a significant risk to immunocompromised patients, who display weakened immunity and reduced seroconversion following infection and vaccination. In this study, we recruited 19 hospitalized patients with immune disorders (ImCo) and 4 immunocompetent controls (ICC) with COVID-19. We evaluated their serological, humoral, and cellular immune responses at <30 days and >90 days post-symptom onset. ICC patients showed robust B and T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2, indicated by detectable antibody levels, memory antibody-secreting cells (mASCs) towards the spike protein and spike-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. ImCo patients showed impaired immune responses, with lower levels of B cell responses. Further subdivision of the ImCo patients demonstrates that solid organ transplant (SOT) patients generated B cell responses similar to ICC patients, whereas the other ImCo patients, including patients with hematological malignancies and anti-CD20 therapy, did not. Absolute T cell numbers and spike-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell responses were low in the ImCo patients at <30 days but increased at later time points. Our findings suggest that even when B cell responses were reduced, patients could present a T cell response, suggesting a more successful line of passive immunization for immunocompromised individuals focusing on boosting T cell responses.
ISSN:2076-2607

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