<i>Vibrio</i> sp. and Identification of the <i>ctx</i> Gene of Cholera Toxin in the Mandinga Coastal Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico
Coastal lagoons have undergone changes due to anthropogenic activities, the presence of wastewater discharges, and unsustainable practices that alter water quality, favoring the presence of pathogenic microorganisms such as <i>Vibrio</i>. This study identified the presence of the genes f...
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2025-02-01
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| author | María del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez Rosa Elena Aguilar-Muslera Christian Reyes-Velázquez Fabiola Lango-Reynoso Rosa Elena Zamudio-Alemán Magnolia Gricel Salcedo-Garduño |
| author_facet | María del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez Rosa Elena Aguilar-Muslera Christian Reyes-Velázquez Fabiola Lango-Reynoso Rosa Elena Zamudio-Alemán Magnolia Gricel Salcedo-Garduño |
| author_sort | María del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Coastal lagoons have undergone changes due to anthropogenic activities, the presence of wastewater discharges, and unsustainable practices that alter water quality, favoring the presence of pathogenic microorganisms such as <i>Vibrio</i>. This study identified the presence of the genes for zinc metalloproteinase (HA) <i>Vibrio</i> sp. and choleric toxin (<i>ctx</i>) <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>, associated with the sources of contamination in the Mandinga Coastal Lagoon (MCL). During 2017, samplings were carried out in which sources of contamination associated with anthropogenic activities were identified. At the same time, water samples were collected from which DNA was extracted and the presence/absence of the HA and <i>ctx</i> genes was detected with a PCR analysis. The HA gene was identified in the three seasons of the year, while the <i>ctx</i> gene was only present in the dry and rainy seasons. The prevalence of both genes in the study area was independent of the presence of the pollution sources identified in the area. The absence of the <i>ctx</i> gene during the northern season is associated with the variability of the physicochemical parameters typical of the season. |
| format | Article |
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| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2076-2607 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Microorganisms |
| spelling | doaj-art-71e6982dc2ee47e9a96c4e40f7fdc6e02025-08-20T02:03:26ZengMDPI AGMicroorganisms2076-26072025-02-0113235210.3390/microorganisms13020352<i>Vibrio</i> sp. and Identification of the <i>ctx</i> Gene of Cholera Toxin in the Mandinga Coastal Lagoon, Veracruz, MexicoMaría del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez0Rosa Elena Aguilar-Muslera1Christian Reyes-Velázquez2Fabiola Lango-Reynoso3Rosa Elena Zamudio-Alemán4Magnolia Gricel Salcedo-Garduño5Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río, Km 12 Carretera Veracruz-Córdoba, Boca del Río 94290, MexicoTecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz 91897, MexicoTecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río, Km 12 Carretera Veracruz-Córdoba, Boca del Río 94290, MexicoTecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río, Km 12 Carretera Veracruz-Córdoba, Boca del Río 94290, MexicoTecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río, Km 12 Carretera Veracruz-Córdoba, Boca del Río 94290, MexicoTecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río, Km 12 Carretera Veracruz-Córdoba, Boca del Río 94290, MexicoCoastal lagoons have undergone changes due to anthropogenic activities, the presence of wastewater discharges, and unsustainable practices that alter water quality, favoring the presence of pathogenic microorganisms such as <i>Vibrio</i>. This study identified the presence of the genes for zinc metalloproteinase (HA) <i>Vibrio</i> sp. and choleric toxin (<i>ctx</i>) <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>, associated with the sources of contamination in the Mandinga Coastal Lagoon (MCL). During 2017, samplings were carried out in which sources of contamination associated with anthropogenic activities were identified. At the same time, water samples were collected from which DNA was extracted and the presence/absence of the HA and <i>ctx</i> genes was detected with a PCR analysis. The HA gene was identified in the three seasons of the year, while the <i>ctx</i> gene was only present in the dry and rainy seasons. The prevalence of both genes in the study area was independent of the presence of the pollution sources identified in the area. The absence of the <i>ctx</i> gene during the northern season is associated with the variability of the physicochemical parameters typical of the season.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/2/352anthropogenic activitypathogen<i>Vibrio</i> sp.<i>Vibrio cholerae</i> |
| spellingShingle | María del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez Rosa Elena Aguilar-Muslera Christian Reyes-Velázquez Fabiola Lango-Reynoso Rosa Elena Zamudio-Alemán Magnolia Gricel Salcedo-Garduño <i>Vibrio</i> sp. and Identification of the <i>ctx</i> Gene of Cholera Toxin in the Mandinga Coastal Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico Microorganisms anthropogenic activity pathogen <i>Vibrio</i> sp. <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> |
| title | <i>Vibrio</i> sp. and Identification of the <i>ctx</i> Gene of Cholera Toxin in the Mandinga Coastal Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico |
| title_full | <i>Vibrio</i> sp. and Identification of the <i>ctx</i> Gene of Cholera Toxin in the Mandinga Coastal Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico |
| title_fullStr | <i>Vibrio</i> sp. and Identification of the <i>ctx</i> Gene of Cholera Toxin in the Mandinga Coastal Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Vibrio</i> sp. and Identification of the <i>ctx</i> Gene of Cholera Toxin in the Mandinga Coastal Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico |
| title_short | <i>Vibrio</i> sp. and Identification of the <i>ctx</i> Gene of Cholera Toxin in the Mandinga Coastal Lagoon, Veracruz, Mexico |
| title_sort | i vibrio i sp and identification of the i ctx i gene of cholera toxin in the mandinga coastal lagoon veracruz mexico |
| topic | anthropogenic activity pathogen <i>Vibrio</i> sp. <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13/2/352 |
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