Impact of contaminant size and density on their incorporation into sea ice

Abstract Sea ice accumulates contaminants and redistributes them laterally as the ice drifts and vertically as it melts. Contaminant incorporation into sea ice must be better understood to resolve contaminant cycling and exposure to polar organisms. Here we develop an experimental method that mimics...

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Main Authors: Alice Pradel, Rudolf Hufenus, Martin Schneebeli, Denise M. Mitrano
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59608-2
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author Alice Pradel
Rudolf Hufenus
Martin Schneebeli
Denise M. Mitrano
author_facet Alice Pradel
Rudolf Hufenus
Martin Schneebeli
Denise M. Mitrano
author_sort Alice Pradel
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Sea ice accumulates contaminants and redistributes them laterally as the ice drifts and vertically as it melts. Contaminant incorporation into sea ice must be better understood to resolve contaminant cycling and exposure to polar organisms. Here we develop an experimental method that mimics the formation of young sea ice and enables the quantification of model contaminants separately in the ice matrix and brine. Several limitations inherent in field studies are overcome using this approach. Results show that dissolved contaminants (<1 nm) and dispersed colloidal contaminants (1 nm–1 μm) follow the same behavior as sea salts. When colloids aggregate they follow a similar transport pathway to high-density particulate contaminants (>1 μm). While high-density particles are depleted in sea ice and low-density particles are enriched relative to their initial concentration in seawater, both are engulfed and can travel in wide brine channels. These results can also help to predict the incorporation of natural species in sea ice.
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issn 2041-1723
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spelling doaj-art-71e41b4e6dad47d1877b3aaff8935c7d2025-08-20T02:25:17ZengNature PortfolioNature Communications2041-17232025-05-0116111010.1038/s41467-025-59608-2Impact of contaminant size and density on their incorporation into sea iceAlice Pradel0Rudolf Hufenus1Martin Schneebeli2Denise M. Mitrano3Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH ZürichEmpa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory of Advanced FibersWSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLFInstitute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH ZürichAbstract Sea ice accumulates contaminants and redistributes them laterally as the ice drifts and vertically as it melts. Contaminant incorporation into sea ice must be better understood to resolve contaminant cycling and exposure to polar organisms. Here we develop an experimental method that mimics the formation of young sea ice and enables the quantification of model contaminants separately in the ice matrix and brine. Several limitations inherent in field studies are overcome using this approach. Results show that dissolved contaminants (<1 nm) and dispersed colloidal contaminants (1 nm–1 μm) follow the same behavior as sea salts. When colloids aggregate they follow a similar transport pathway to high-density particulate contaminants (>1 μm). While high-density particles are depleted in sea ice and low-density particles are enriched relative to their initial concentration in seawater, both are engulfed and can travel in wide brine channels. These results can also help to predict the incorporation of natural species in sea ice.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59608-2
spellingShingle Alice Pradel
Rudolf Hufenus
Martin Schneebeli
Denise M. Mitrano
Impact of contaminant size and density on their incorporation into sea ice
Nature Communications
title Impact of contaminant size and density on their incorporation into sea ice
title_full Impact of contaminant size and density on their incorporation into sea ice
title_fullStr Impact of contaminant size and density on their incorporation into sea ice
title_full_unstemmed Impact of contaminant size and density on their incorporation into sea ice
title_short Impact of contaminant size and density on their incorporation into sea ice
title_sort impact of contaminant size and density on their incorporation into sea ice
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59608-2
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