Optimization and Evaluation of the PEDF System Configuration Based on Planning and Operating Dual-Layer Model
The photovoltaic, energy storage, direct current, and flexibility (PEDF) system represents a crucial innovation for transforming buildings into low-carbon energy sources. Although it is still in the early stages of scalable demonstration, current research and practice related to PEDF lack comprehens...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/7776 |
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| author | Tianhe Li Pei Ye Haiyang Wang Weiyu Liu Xinyue Huang Ji Ke |
| author_facet | Tianhe Li Pei Ye Haiyang Wang Weiyu Liu Xinyue Huang Ji Ke |
| author_sort | Tianhe Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The photovoltaic, energy storage, direct current, and flexibility (PEDF) system represents a crucial innovation for transforming buildings into low-carbon energy sources. Although it is still in the early stages of scalable demonstration, current research and practice related to PEDF lack comprehensive studies on optimizing and evaluating system capacity configuration across various scenarios. Capacity configuration and energy scheduling are crucial components that are often treated separately, leading to a missing opportunity to leverage the synergy among key interactive devices. To address this issue, this paper proposes an optimization and evaluation framework for the PEDF system that employs a dual-layer model for planning and operating. This framework precisely configures the PEDF topology, load, photovoltaic, energy storage, and critical interactive devices, while integrating economic, environmental, and reliability objectives. The effectiveness of the proposed model has been validated in optimizing capacity configurations for newly built office buildings and existing commercial settings. The results indicate that for new office buildings, schemes that prioritize low-carbon initiatives are more effective than those that focus on reliability and economy. In existing commercial buildings, reliability-focused schemes outperform those that prioritize economy and low carbon, and all three are significantly better than pre-configuration schemes. The proposed framework enhances the theoretical understanding of PEDF system planning and evaluation, thereby promoting broader adoption of sustainable energy technologies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-71e181b41dfd452989e7d9074a816535 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj-art-71e181b41dfd452989e7d9074a8165352025-08-20T03:13:39ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-07-011514777610.3390/app15147776Optimization and Evaluation of the PEDF System Configuration Based on Planning and Operating Dual-Layer ModelTianhe Li0Pei Ye1Haiyang Wang2Weiyu Liu3Xinyue Huang4Ji Ke5School of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710018, ChinaSchool of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710018, ChinaSchool of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710018, ChinaSchool of Electronic and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710018, ChinaSchool of Building Services Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, ChinaSchool of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710018, ChinaThe photovoltaic, energy storage, direct current, and flexibility (PEDF) system represents a crucial innovation for transforming buildings into low-carbon energy sources. Although it is still in the early stages of scalable demonstration, current research and practice related to PEDF lack comprehensive studies on optimizing and evaluating system capacity configuration across various scenarios. Capacity configuration and energy scheduling are crucial components that are often treated separately, leading to a missing opportunity to leverage the synergy among key interactive devices. To address this issue, this paper proposes an optimization and evaluation framework for the PEDF system that employs a dual-layer model for planning and operating. This framework precisely configures the PEDF topology, load, photovoltaic, energy storage, and critical interactive devices, while integrating economic, environmental, and reliability objectives. The effectiveness of the proposed model has been validated in optimizing capacity configurations for newly built office buildings and existing commercial settings. The results indicate that for new office buildings, schemes that prioritize low-carbon initiatives are more effective than those that focus on reliability and economy. In existing commercial buildings, reliability-focused schemes outperform those that prioritize economy and low carbon, and all three are significantly better than pre-configuration schemes. The proposed framework enhances the theoretical understanding of PEDF system planning and evaluation, thereby promoting broader adoption of sustainable energy technologies.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/7776photovoltaicenergy storagedirect current and flexibilityplanning and operating dual-layer optimization modelconfiguration optimization frameworksystem optimization evaluation |
| spellingShingle | Tianhe Li Pei Ye Haiyang Wang Weiyu Liu Xinyue Huang Ji Ke Optimization and Evaluation of the PEDF System Configuration Based on Planning and Operating Dual-Layer Model Applied Sciences photovoltaic energy storage direct current and flexibility planning and operating dual-layer optimization model configuration optimization framework system optimization evaluation |
| title | Optimization and Evaluation of the PEDF System Configuration Based on Planning and Operating Dual-Layer Model |
| title_full | Optimization and Evaluation of the PEDF System Configuration Based on Planning and Operating Dual-Layer Model |
| title_fullStr | Optimization and Evaluation of the PEDF System Configuration Based on Planning and Operating Dual-Layer Model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization and Evaluation of the PEDF System Configuration Based on Planning and Operating Dual-Layer Model |
| title_short | Optimization and Evaluation of the PEDF System Configuration Based on Planning and Operating Dual-Layer Model |
| title_sort | optimization and evaluation of the pedf system configuration based on planning and operating dual layer model |
| topic | photovoltaic energy storage direct current and flexibility planning and operating dual-layer optimization model configuration optimization framework system optimization evaluation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/14/7776 |
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