Oxidative Stress: Pathological Driver in Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases
Oxidative stress has become a common impetus of various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. This review introduces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) in the nervous system, the cellular oxidative damage, and the high sensitivity of the brain to ROSs. The literature review f...
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MDPI AG
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Antioxidants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/696 |
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| author | Zhao Zhong Chong Nizar Souayah |
| author_facet | Zhao Zhong Chong Nizar Souayah |
| author_sort | Zhao Zhong Chong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Oxidative stress has become a common impetus of various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. This review introduces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) in the nervous system, the cellular oxidative damage, and the high sensitivity of the brain to ROSs. The literature review focuses on the roles of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Oxidative stress occurs when excessively produced free radicals are beyond the capability of endogenous antioxidants to scavenge, leading to the oxidation of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, stimulating neuroinflammatory responses, causing neuronal dysfunction, senescence, and death. The dysfunctional mitochondria and aberrant activities of metabolic enzymes are the major source of ROSs. The high vulnerability of the nervous system to ROSs underlies the critical roles of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Gene mutations and other risk factors promote the generation of ROSs, which have been considered a crucial force causing the main pathological features of AD, PD, HD, and ALS. As a result, antioxidants hold therapeutic potential in these neurodegenerative diseases. The elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms of oxidative stress will facilitate the development of antioxidants for the treatment of these diseases. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-71ad8a27862d4bf2a80af5bb09c8951f |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj-art-71ad8a27862d4bf2a80af5bb09c8951f2025-08-20T03:32:26ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212025-06-0114669610.3390/antiox14060696Oxidative Stress: Pathological Driver in Chronic Neurodegenerative DiseasesZhao Zhong Chong0Nizar Souayah1Department of Neurology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 185 S Orange, Newark, NJ 07103, USADepartment of Neurology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 90 Bergen Street DOC 8100, Newark, NJ 07101, USAOxidative stress has become a common impetus of various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. This review introduces the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) in the nervous system, the cellular oxidative damage, and the high sensitivity of the brain to ROSs. The literature review focuses on the roles of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Oxidative stress occurs when excessively produced free radicals are beyond the capability of endogenous antioxidants to scavenge, leading to the oxidation of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, stimulating neuroinflammatory responses, causing neuronal dysfunction, senescence, and death. The dysfunctional mitochondria and aberrant activities of metabolic enzymes are the major source of ROSs. The high vulnerability of the nervous system to ROSs underlies the critical roles of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Gene mutations and other risk factors promote the generation of ROSs, which have been considered a crucial force causing the main pathological features of AD, PD, HD, and ALS. As a result, antioxidants hold therapeutic potential in these neurodegenerative diseases. The elucidation of the pathogenic mechanisms of oxidative stress will facilitate the development of antioxidants for the treatment of these diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/696oxidative stressmitochondrianicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphateAlzheimer’s diseaseParkinson’s diseaseamyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| spellingShingle | Zhao Zhong Chong Nizar Souayah Oxidative Stress: Pathological Driver in Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases Antioxidants oxidative stress mitochondria nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| title | Oxidative Stress: Pathological Driver in Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_full | Oxidative Stress: Pathological Driver in Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Oxidative Stress: Pathological Driver in Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Oxidative Stress: Pathological Driver in Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_short | Oxidative Stress: Pathological Driver in Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases |
| title_sort | oxidative stress pathological driver in chronic neurodegenerative diseases |
| topic | oxidative stress mitochondria nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/14/6/696 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zhaozhongchong oxidativestresspathologicaldriverinchronicneurodegenerativediseases AT nizarsouayah oxidativestresspathologicaldriverinchronicneurodegenerativediseases |