Microbiological hazards associated with the use of water in the post‐harvest handling and processing operations of fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables and herbs (ffFVH). Part 5 (Frozen FVH process water management plan)
Abstract Water used in post‐harvest handling and processing operations is an important risk factor for microbiological cross‐contamination of fruits, vegetables and herbs (FVH). Industrial data indicated that the frozen FVH sector is characterised by operational cycles between 8 and 120 h, variable...
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| Language: | English |
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2025-01-01
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| Series: | EFSA Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9172 |
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| author | EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Ana Allende Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez Valeria Bortolaia Sara Bover‐Cid Alessandra De Cesare Wietske Dohmen Laurent Guillier Lieve Herman Liesbeth Jacxsens Lapo Mughini‐Gras Maarten Nauta Jakob Ottoson Luisa Peixe Fernando Perez‐Rodriguez Panagiotis Skandamis Elisabetta Suffredini Jen Banach Bin Zhou Maria Teresa daSilva Felício Laura Martino Winy Messens Angela Botteon |
| author_facet | EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Ana Allende Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez Valeria Bortolaia Sara Bover‐Cid Alessandra De Cesare Wietske Dohmen Laurent Guillier Lieve Herman Liesbeth Jacxsens Lapo Mughini‐Gras Maarten Nauta Jakob Ottoson Luisa Peixe Fernando Perez‐Rodriguez Panagiotis Skandamis Elisabetta Suffredini Jen Banach Bin Zhou Maria Teresa daSilva Felício Laura Martino Winy Messens Angela Botteon |
| author_sort | EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Water used in post‐harvest handling and processing operations is an important risk factor for microbiological cross‐contamination of fruits, vegetables and herbs (FVH). Industrial data indicated that the frozen FVH sector is characterised by operational cycles between 8 and 120 h, variable product volumes and no control of the temperature of process water. Intervention strategies were limited to the use of water disinfection treatments such as peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Chlorine‐based disinfectants were not used, and water replenishment was not observed within studied industries. The industrial data, which included 13 scenarios, were used to develop a guidance for a water management plan (WMP) for the frozen FVH sector. A WMP aims to maintain the fit‐for‐purpose microbiological quality of the process water and consists of: (a) identification of microbial hazards and hazardous events linked to process water; (b) establishment of the relationship between microbiological and physico‐chemical parameters; (c) description of preventive measures; (d) description of intervention measures, including their validation, operational monitoring and verification; and (e) record keeping and trend analysis. A predictive model was used to simulate water management outcomes, highlighting the need for water disinfection treatments to maintain the microbiological quality of the process water and the added value of water replenishment. Relying solely on water replenishment (at realistic feasible rates) does not avoid microbial accumulation in the water. Operational monitoring of the physico‐chemical parameters ensures that the disinfection systems are operating effectively. Verification includes microbiological analysis of the process water linked to the operational monitoring outcomes of physico‐chemical parameters. Food business operators should set up and validate a tailored WMP to identify physico‐chemical parameters, as well as microbial indicators and their threshold levels as performance standards for maintaining the fit‐for‐purpose microbiological quality of the process water during post‐harvest handling and processing operations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-71744809c4dc42fb8a57384329178945 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1831-4732 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | EFSA Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-71744809c4dc42fb8a573843291789452025-01-31T12:06:04ZengWileyEFSA Journal1831-47322025-01-01231n/an/a10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9172Microbiological hazards associated with the use of water in the post‐harvest handling and processing operations of fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables and herbs (ffFVH). Part 5 (Frozen FVH process water management plan)EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ)Ana AllendeAvelino Alvarez‐OrdóñezValeria BortolaiaSara Bover‐CidAlessandra De CesareWietske DohmenLaurent GuillierLieve HermanLiesbeth JacxsensLapo Mughini‐GrasMaarten NautaJakob OttosonLuisa PeixeFernando Perez‐RodriguezPanagiotis SkandamisElisabetta SuffrediniJen BanachBin ZhouMaria Teresa daSilva FelícioLaura MartinoWiny MessensAngela BotteonAbstract Water used in post‐harvest handling and processing operations is an important risk factor for microbiological cross‐contamination of fruits, vegetables and herbs (FVH). Industrial data indicated that the frozen FVH sector is characterised by operational cycles between 8 and 120 h, variable product volumes and no control of the temperature of process water. Intervention strategies were limited to the use of water disinfection treatments such as peroxyacetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Chlorine‐based disinfectants were not used, and water replenishment was not observed within studied industries. The industrial data, which included 13 scenarios, were used to develop a guidance for a water management plan (WMP) for the frozen FVH sector. A WMP aims to maintain the fit‐for‐purpose microbiological quality of the process water and consists of: (a) identification of microbial hazards and hazardous events linked to process water; (b) establishment of the relationship between microbiological and physico‐chemical parameters; (c) description of preventive measures; (d) description of intervention measures, including their validation, operational monitoring and verification; and (e) record keeping and trend analysis. A predictive model was used to simulate water management outcomes, highlighting the need for water disinfection treatments to maintain the microbiological quality of the process water and the added value of water replenishment. Relying solely on water replenishment (at realistic feasible rates) does not avoid microbial accumulation in the water. Operational monitoring of the physico‐chemical parameters ensures that the disinfection systems are operating effectively. Verification includes microbiological analysis of the process water linked to the operational monitoring outcomes of physico‐chemical parameters. Food business operators should set up and validate a tailored WMP to identify physico‐chemical parameters, as well as microbial indicators and their threshold levels as performance standards for maintaining the fit‐for‐purpose microbiological quality of the process water during post‐harvest handling and processing operations.https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9172fit‐for‐purpose waterfreezingindustryoperational monitoringvalidationverification |
| spellingShingle | EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) Ana Allende Avelino Alvarez‐Ordóñez Valeria Bortolaia Sara Bover‐Cid Alessandra De Cesare Wietske Dohmen Laurent Guillier Lieve Herman Liesbeth Jacxsens Lapo Mughini‐Gras Maarten Nauta Jakob Ottoson Luisa Peixe Fernando Perez‐Rodriguez Panagiotis Skandamis Elisabetta Suffredini Jen Banach Bin Zhou Maria Teresa daSilva Felício Laura Martino Winy Messens Angela Botteon Microbiological hazards associated with the use of water in the post‐harvest handling and processing operations of fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables and herbs (ffFVH). Part 5 (Frozen FVH process water management plan) EFSA Journal fit‐for‐purpose water freezing industry operational monitoring validation verification |
| title | Microbiological hazards associated with the use of water in the post‐harvest handling and processing operations of fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables and herbs (ffFVH). Part 5 (Frozen FVH process water management plan) |
| title_full | Microbiological hazards associated with the use of water in the post‐harvest handling and processing operations of fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables and herbs (ffFVH). Part 5 (Frozen FVH process water management plan) |
| title_fullStr | Microbiological hazards associated with the use of water in the post‐harvest handling and processing operations of fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables and herbs (ffFVH). Part 5 (Frozen FVH process water management plan) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Microbiological hazards associated with the use of water in the post‐harvest handling and processing operations of fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables and herbs (ffFVH). Part 5 (Frozen FVH process water management plan) |
| title_short | Microbiological hazards associated with the use of water in the post‐harvest handling and processing operations of fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables and herbs (ffFVH). Part 5 (Frozen FVH process water management plan) |
| title_sort | microbiological hazards associated with the use of water in the post harvest handling and processing operations of fresh and frozen fruits vegetables and herbs fffvh part 5 frozen fvh process water management plan |
| topic | fit‐for‐purpose water freezing industry operational monitoring validation verification |
| url | https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9172 |
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