Effects and neural mechanisms of a brain–computer interface-controlled soft robotic glove on upper limb function in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled fNIRS study
Abstract Background and purpose The brain-computer interface-based soft robotic glove (BCI-SRG) holds promise for upper limb rehabilitation in subacute stroke patients, yet its efficacy and neural mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and neural mechanisms o...
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BMC
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-025-01704-x |
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| author | Xiang Ji Xia Lu Yi Xu Wenbin Zhang Han Yang Chenghui Yin Hewei Wang Caili Ren Yingying Ji Yongqiang Li Guilan Huang Ying Shen |
| author_facet | Xiang Ji Xia Lu Yi Xu Wenbin Zhang Han Yang Chenghui Yin Hewei Wang Caili Ren Yingying Ji Yongqiang Li Guilan Huang Ying Shen |
| author_sort | Xiang Ji |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background and purpose The brain-computer interface-based soft robotic glove (BCI-SRG) holds promise for upper limb rehabilitation in subacute stroke patients, yet its efficacy and neural mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and neural mechanisms of BCI-SRGs by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods Forty subacute stroke patients with left-sided hemiparesis were randomized into the BCI-SRG (n = 20) and soft robotic glove (SRG) (n = 20) groups. Both groups received 20 sessions of intervention over 4 weeks in addition to conventional rehabilitation. The BCI-SRG group was trained using a soft robotic glove controlled by a brain‒computer interface (BCI), whereas the SRG group used the same soft robotic glove without BCI control. The clinical outcomes included the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Limb (FMA-UL), and Modified Barthel Index (MBI) scores. In addition, fNIRS was used to explore potential clinical brain mechanisms. All assessments were performed before treatment and after 4 weeks of treatment. Results A total of 39 participants completed the intervention and clinical assessments (BCI-SRG: n = 20; SRG: n = 19). Compared with the SRG group, the BCI-SRG group showed greater improvements in the ARAT (Z = − 2.139, P = 0.032) and FMA-UL (Z = − 2.588, P = 0.010), with no notable difference in the MBI (Z = − 1.843, P = 0.065). fNIRS data were available for 35 participants (BCI-SRG: n = 17; SRG: n = 18). Within-group comparisons revealed significant postintervention increases in cortical activation in the bilateral sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in the BCI-SRG group, whereas no significant changes were observed in the SRG group. Between-group comparisons further revealed significantly greater changes in HbO concentrations in the BCI-SRG group than in the SRG group across the same cortical regions. Moreover, changes in prefrontal activation (post–pre) were positively correlated with improvements in ARAT scores, with significant correlations observed in the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC) (Ch9, r = 0.592, P = 0.012; Ch25, r = 0.488, P = 0.047) and right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (RDLPFC) (Ch19, r = 0.671, P = 0.003). Conclusions BCI-SRG training significantly enhances upper limb function and facilitates bilateral motor and sensory cortical reorganization. PFC activation is correlated with functional improvements, suggesting a potential mechanism underlying the benefits of rehabilitation in stroke patients. Trial registration This trial was registered under the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2400082786) and was retrospectively registered on April 8, 2024. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-714b33eb10464d4c93f15717d25c796d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1743-0003 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation |
| spelling | doaj-art-714b33eb10464d4c93f15717d25c796d2025-08-20T04:01:52ZengBMCJournal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation1743-00032025-07-0122111310.1186/s12984-025-01704-xEffects and neural mechanisms of a brain–computer interface-controlled soft robotic glove on upper limb function in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled fNIRS studyXiang Ji0Xia Lu1Yi Xu2Wenbin Zhang3Han Yang4Chenghui Yin5Hewei Wang6Caili Ren7Yingying Ji8Yongqiang Li9Guilan Huang10Ying Shen11Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversitySchool of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityCollege of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Hohai UniversitySchool of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation, Huashan Hospital, Fudan UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation, Wuxi Central Rehabilitation Hospital, The Affiliated Mental Health Center of Jiangnan UniversityDepartment of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical UniversityAbstract Background and purpose The brain-computer interface-based soft robotic glove (BCI-SRG) holds promise for upper limb rehabilitation in subacute stroke patients, yet its efficacy and neural mechanisms are unclear. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects and neural mechanisms of BCI-SRGs by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods Forty subacute stroke patients with left-sided hemiparesis were randomized into the BCI-SRG (n = 20) and soft robotic glove (SRG) (n = 20) groups. Both groups received 20 sessions of intervention over 4 weeks in addition to conventional rehabilitation. The BCI-SRG group was trained using a soft robotic glove controlled by a brain‒computer interface (BCI), whereas the SRG group used the same soft robotic glove without BCI control. The clinical outcomes included the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), the Fugl-Meyer Assessment Upper Limb (FMA-UL), and Modified Barthel Index (MBI) scores. In addition, fNIRS was used to explore potential clinical brain mechanisms. All assessments were performed before treatment and after 4 weeks of treatment. Results A total of 39 participants completed the intervention and clinical assessments (BCI-SRG: n = 20; SRG: n = 19). Compared with the SRG group, the BCI-SRG group showed greater improvements in the ARAT (Z = − 2.139, P = 0.032) and FMA-UL (Z = − 2.588, P = 0.010), with no notable difference in the MBI (Z = − 1.843, P = 0.065). fNIRS data were available for 35 participants (BCI-SRG: n = 17; SRG: n = 18). Within-group comparisons revealed significant postintervention increases in cortical activation in the bilateral sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) in the BCI-SRG group, whereas no significant changes were observed in the SRG group. Between-group comparisons further revealed significantly greater changes in HbO concentrations in the BCI-SRG group than in the SRG group across the same cortical regions. Moreover, changes in prefrontal activation (post–pre) were positively correlated with improvements in ARAT scores, with significant correlations observed in the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC) (Ch9, r = 0.592, P = 0.012; Ch25, r = 0.488, P = 0.047) and right dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (RDLPFC) (Ch19, r = 0.671, P = 0.003). Conclusions BCI-SRG training significantly enhances upper limb function and facilitates bilateral motor and sensory cortical reorganization. PFC activation is correlated with functional improvements, suggesting a potential mechanism underlying the benefits of rehabilitation in stroke patients. Trial registration This trial was registered under the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2400082786) and was retrospectively registered on April 8, 2024.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-025-01704-xBrain‒computer interfaceSoft robotic gloveStrokeUpper limbFunctional near-infrared spectroscopy |
| spellingShingle | Xiang Ji Xia Lu Yi Xu Wenbin Zhang Han Yang Chenghui Yin Hewei Wang Caili Ren Yingying Ji Yongqiang Li Guilan Huang Ying Shen Effects and neural mechanisms of a brain–computer interface-controlled soft robotic glove on upper limb function in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled fNIRS study Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation Brain‒computer interface Soft robotic glove Stroke Upper limb Functional near-infrared spectroscopy |
| title | Effects and neural mechanisms of a brain–computer interface-controlled soft robotic glove on upper limb function in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled fNIRS study |
| title_full | Effects and neural mechanisms of a brain–computer interface-controlled soft robotic glove on upper limb function in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled fNIRS study |
| title_fullStr | Effects and neural mechanisms of a brain–computer interface-controlled soft robotic glove on upper limb function in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled fNIRS study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects and neural mechanisms of a brain–computer interface-controlled soft robotic glove on upper limb function in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled fNIRS study |
| title_short | Effects and neural mechanisms of a brain–computer interface-controlled soft robotic glove on upper limb function in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled fNIRS study |
| title_sort | effects and neural mechanisms of a brain computer interface controlled soft robotic glove on upper limb function in patients with subacute stroke a randomized controlled fnirs study |
| topic | Brain‒computer interface Soft robotic glove Stroke Upper limb Functional near-infrared spectroscopy |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-025-01704-x |
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