An artificial intelligence technique: experimental analysis of population-based physarum-energy optimization algorithm

Abstract The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is an NP-hard problem being studied by many researchers. Metaheuristic algorithms generally depend on nature-inspired phenomena successfully applied to combinatorial optimization, such as routing, scheduling, assignment problems, engineering, optimizatio...

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Main Author: Mehmet Fatih Demiral
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-06-01
Series:Discover Artificial Intelligence
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00367-w
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author Mehmet Fatih Demiral
author_facet Mehmet Fatih Demiral
author_sort Mehmet Fatih Demiral
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is an NP-hard problem being studied by many researchers. Metaheuristic algorithms generally depend on nature-inspired phenomena successfully applied to combinatorial optimization, such as routing, scheduling, assignment problems, engineering, optimization, genetics, robotics, nanotechnology, and various fields. In this paper, new versions of physarum-energy optimization algorithms (PEOs) which are population-based optimization algorithms were applied to the symmetric traveling salesman problems. PEOs use multiple solutions (population), multiple conductivities (dij) for the stochastic disturbance model and appropriate parameter strategies to update the solutions in each generation. To measure the effectiveness of the PEOs and the hybrids, the algorithms have been evaluated on several benchmark problems compared to the recent metaheuristics. The computational results show that the PEOs and their hybrids (k-NN, 2-opt, 3-opt, k-opt) can find high-quality results compared to the original physarum-energy optimization algorithm (PEO), ant colony optimization (ACO), black hole algorithm (BH), tabu search (TS), and other hybrid algorithms such as whale optimization algorithm + 4-opt heuristic (WOA + 4-opt), camel algorithm + 4-opt heuristic (CA + 4-opt), genetic algorithm + 2-opt heuristic (GA + 2-opt), and the k-NN, 2-opt, 3-opt, k-opt algorithms. Moreover, the population-based PEOs and their derived forms solve the optimization problem quite competitively in CPU time compared to other test algorithms.
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spelling doaj-art-711df6cc49dc4629880cd933a0af979b2025-08-20T03:47:13ZengSpringerDiscover Artificial Intelligence2731-08092025-06-015111910.1007/s44163-025-00367-wAn artificial intelligence technique: experimental analysis of population-based physarum-energy optimization algorithmMehmet Fatih Demiral0Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Dept. of Industrial Engineering, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy UniversityAbstract The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is an NP-hard problem being studied by many researchers. Metaheuristic algorithms generally depend on nature-inspired phenomena successfully applied to combinatorial optimization, such as routing, scheduling, assignment problems, engineering, optimization, genetics, robotics, nanotechnology, and various fields. In this paper, new versions of physarum-energy optimization algorithms (PEOs) which are population-based optimization algorithms were applied to the symmetric traveling salesman problems. PEOs use multiple solutions (population), multiple conductivities (dij) for the stochastic disturbance model and appropriate parameter strategies to update the solutions in each generation. To measure the effectiveness of the PEOs and the hybrids, the algorithms have been evaluated on several benchmark problems compared to the recent metaheuristics. The computational results show that the PEOs and their hybrids (k-NN, 2-opt, 3-opt, k-opt) can find high-quality results compared to the original physarum-energy optimization algorithm (PEO), ant colony optimization (ACO), black hole algorithm (BH), tabu search (TS), and other hybrid algorithms such as whale optimization algorithm + 4-opt heuristic (WOA + 4-opt), camel algorithm + 4-opt heuristic (CA + 4-opt), genetic algorithm + 2-opt heuristic (GA + 2-opt), and the k-NN, 2-opt, 3-opt, k-opt algorithms. Moreover, the population-based PEOs and their derived forms solve the optimization problem quite competitively in CPU time compared to other test algorithms.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00367-wCombinatorial optimizationDiscrete problemsHeuristicsMetaheuristicsPhysarum-energy optimizationTraveling salesman problem
spellingShingle Mehmet Fatih Demiral
An artificial intelligence technique: experimental analysis of population-based physarum-energy optimization algorithm
Discover Artificial Intelligence
Combinatorial optimization
Discrete problems
Heuristics
Metaheuristics
Physarum-energy optimization
Traveling salesman problem
title An artificial intelligence technique: experimental analysis of population-based physarum-energy optimization algorithm
title_full An artificial intelligence technique: experimental analysis of population-based physarum-energy optimization algorithm
title_fullStr An artificial intelligence technique: experimental analysis of population-based physarum-energy optimization algorithm
title_full_unstemmed An artificial intelligence technique: experimental analysis of population-based physarum-energy optimization algorithm
title_short An artificial intelligence technique: experimental analysis of population-based physarum-energy optimization algorithm
title_sort artificial intelligence technique experimental analysis of population based physarum energy optimization algorithm
topic Combinatorial optimization
Discrete problems
Heuristics
Metaheuristics
Physarum-energy optimization
Traveling salesman problem
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00367-w
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