Detection of the Cyclic Imines Pinnatoxin G, 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C and 20-Methyl Spirolide G in Bivalve Molluscs from Great Britain
Harmful algal biotoxins in the marine environment are a threat to human food safety due to their bioaccumulation in bivalve shellfish. Whilst official control monitoring provides ongoing risk management for regulated toxins in live bivalve molluscs, no routine monitoring system is currently in opera...
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MDPI AG
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Marine Drugs |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/22/12/556 |
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| author | Ryan P. Alexander Alison O’Neill Karl J. Dean Andrew D. Turner Benjamin H. Maskrey |
| author_facet | Ryan P. Alexander Alison O’Neill Karl J. Dean Andrew D. Turner Benjamin H. Maskrey |
| author_sort | Ryan P. Alexander |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Harmful algal biotoxins in the marine environment are a threat to human food safety due to their bioaccumulation in bivalve shellfish. Whilst official control monitoring provides ongoing risk management for regulated toxins in live bivalve molluscs, no routine monitoring system is currently in operation in the UK for other non-regulated toxins. To assess the potential presence of such compounds, a systematic screen of bivalve shellfish was conducted throughout Great Britain. A rapid dispersive methanolic extraction was used with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis to test for fifteen cyclic imines and seven brevetoxins in 2671 shellfish samples taken from designated shellfish harvesting areas around Great Britain during 2018. Out of the 22 toxins incorporated into the method, only pinnatoxin G, 13-desmethyl spirolide C and 20-methyl spirolide G were detected, with maximum concentrations of 85.4 µg/kg, 13.4 µg/kg and 51.4 µg/kg, respectively. A follow up study of pinnatoxin G-positive samples examined its potential esterification to fatty acids and concluded that following hydrolysis, pinnatoxin G concentration increased by an average of 8.6%, with the tentative identification of these esters determined by LC-HRMS. This study highlights the requirement for ongoing monitoring of emerging threats and the requirement for toxicological and risk assessment studies. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-7118289077d242bd8a547bdbf0529bc7 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1660-3397 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Marine Drugs |
| spelling | doaj-art-7118289077d242bd8a547bdbf0529bc72025-08-20T02:00:47ZengMDPI AGMarine Drugs1660-33972024-12-01221255610.3390/md22120556Detection of the Cyclic Imines Pinnatoxin G, 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C and 20-Methyl Spirolide G in Bivalve Molluscs from Great BritainRyan P. Alexander0Alison O’Neill1Karl J. Dean2Andrew D. Turner3Benjamin H. Maskrey4Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UKCentre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UKCentre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UKCentre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UKCentre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UKHarmful algal biotoxins in the marine environment are a threat to human food safety due to their bioaccumulation in bivalve shellfish. Whilst official control monitoring provides ongoing risk management for regulated toxins in live bivalve molluscs, no routine monitoring system is currently in operation in the UK for other non-regulated toxins. To assess the potential presence of such compounds, a systematic screen of bivalve shellfish was conducted throughout Great Britain. A rapid dispersive methanolic extraction was used with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis to test for fifteen cyclic imines and seven brevetoxins in 2671 shellfish samples taken from designated shellfish harvesting areas around Great Britain during 2018. Out of the 22 toxins incorporated into the method, only pinnatoxin G, 13-desmethyl spirolide C and 20-methyl spirolide G were detected, with maximum concentrations of 85.4 µg/kg, 13.4 µg/kg and 51.4 µg/kg, respectively. A follow up study of pinnatoxin G-positive samples examined its potential esterification to fatty acids and concluded that following hydrolysis, pinnatoxin G concentration increased by an average of 8.6%, with the tentative identification of these esters determined by LC-HRMS. This study highlights the requirement for ongoing monitoring of emerging threats and the requirement for toxicological and risk assessment studies.https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/22/12/556cyclic iminespinnatoxinsbrevetoxinsbivalve molluscsharmful algaeLC-MS/MS |
| spellingShingle | Ryan P. Alexander Alison O’Neill Karl J. Dean Andrew D. Turner Benjamin H. Maskrey Detection of the Cyclic Imines Pinnatoxin G, 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C and 20-Methyl Spirolide G in Bivalve Molluscs from Great Britain Marine Drugs cyclic imines pinnatoxins brevetoxins bivalve molluscs harmful algae LC-MS/MS |
| title | Detection of the Cyclic Imines Pinnatoxin G, 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C and 20-Methyl Spirolide G in Bivalve Molluscs from Great Britain |
| title_full | Detection of the Cyclic Imines Pinnatoxin G, 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C and 20-Methyl Spirolide G in Bivalve Molluscs from Great Britain |
| title_fullStr | Detection of the Cyclic Imines Pinnatoxin G, 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C and 20-Methyl Spirolide G in Bivalve Molluscs from Great Britain |
| title_full_unstemmed | Detection of the Cyclic Imines Pinnatoxin G, 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C and 20-Methyl Spirolide G in Bivalve Molluscs from Great Britain |
| title_short | Detection of the Cyclic Imines Pinnatoxin G, 13-Desmethyl Spirolide C and 20-Methyl Spirolide G in Bivalve Molluscs from Great Britain |
| title_sort | detection of the cyclic imines pinnatoxin g 13 desmethyl spirolide c and 20 methyl spirolide g in bivalve molluscs from great britain |
| topic | cyclic imines pinnatoxins brevetoxins bivalve molluscs harmful algae LC-MS/MS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/22/12/556 |
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