Toxic Effects of the Most Common Components of Energetic Co-Crystals
Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is a high-energy-density material known for its exceptional explosive performance, but it suffers from significant safety concerns due to its high sensitivity. To mitigate this issue, researchers have explored the synthesis of CL-20-based cocrystals with other e...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2025-08-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3234 |
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| author | Xinying Peng Cunzhi Li Huan Li Hui Deng Xiaoqiang Lv Ting Gao Jiachen Shen Bin Zhao Zhiyong Liu Junhong Gao |
| author_facet | Xinying Peng Cunzhi Li Huan Li Hui Deng Xiaoqiang Lv Ting Gao Jiachen Shen Bin Zhao Zhiyong Liu Junhong Gao |
| author_sort | Xinying Peng |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is a high-energy-density material known for its exceptional explosive performance, but it suffers from significant safety concerns due to its high sensitivity. To mitigate this issue, researchers have explored the synthesis of CL-20-based cocrystals with other energetic materials to achieve a balance between energy output and safety. Recent advancements in CL-20 cocrystals have focused on developing novel synthesis methods and leveraging computational design techniques to predict and optimize their physicochemical properties. However, the toxicity of CL-20 cocrystals, along with their environmental and health risks, remains a critical concern. This review systematically examines recent progress in CL-20 cocrystal energetic materials, emphasizing toxicity profiles and mechanistic insights into their components. The findings serve as a foundation for the development of safer energetic materials, thereby facilitating sustainable advancements in manufacturing technologies and industrial applications of CL-20. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-711375e019b64254aae5678f8248941a |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-711375e019b64254aae5678f8248941a2025-08-20T03:36:22ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-08-013015323410.3390/molecules30153234Toxic Effects of the Most Common Components of Energetic Co-CrystalsXinying Peng0Cunzhi Li1Huan Li2Hui Deng3Xiaoqiang Lv4Ting Gao5Jiachen Shen6Bin Zhao7Zhiyong Liu8Junhong Gao9Toxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, NO. 12 Zhangbadong Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710065, ChinaToxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, NO. 12 Zhangbadong Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710065, ChinaToxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, NO. 12 Zhangbadong Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710065, ChinaToxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, NO. 12 Zhangbadong Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710065, ChinaToxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, NO. 12 Zhangbadong Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710065, ChinaToxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, NO. 12 Zhangbadong Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710065, ChinaToxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, NO. 12 Zhangbadong Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710065, ChinaToxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, NO. 12 Zhangbadong Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710065, ChinaToxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, NO. 12 Zhangbadong Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710065, ChinaToxicology Research Center, Institute for Hygiene of Ordnance Industry, NO. 12 Zhangbadong Road, Yanta District, Xi’an 710065, ChinaHexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is a high-energy-density material known for its exceptional explosive performance, but it suffers from significant safety concerns due to its high sensitivity. To mitigate this issue, researchers have explored the synthesis of CL-20-based cocrystals with other energetic materials to achieve a balance between energy output and safety. Recent advancements in CL-20 cocrystals have focused on developing novel synthesis methods and leveraging computational design techniques to predict and optimize their physicochemical properties. However, the toxicity of CL-20 cocrystals, along with their environmental and health risks, remains a critical concern. This review systematically examines recent progress in CL-20 cocrystal energetic materials, emphasizing toxicity profiles and mechanistic insights into their components. The findings serve as a foundation for the development of safer energetic materials, thereby facilitating sustainable advancements in manufacturing technologies and industrial applications of CL-20.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3234Cocrystal MaterialsCL-20ToxicitiesToxic MechanismEnergetic Materials |
| spellingShingle | Xinying Peng Cunzhi Li Huan Li Hui Deng Xiaoqiang Lv Ting Gao Jiachen Shen Bin Zhao Zhiyong Liu Junhong Gao Toxic Effects of the Most Common Components of Energetic Co-Crystals Molecules Cocrystal Materials CL-20 Toxicities Toxic Mechanism Energetic Materials |
| title | Toxic Effects of the Most Common Components of Energetic Co-Crystals |
| title_full | Toxic Effects of the Most Common Components of Energetic Co-Crystals |
| title_fullStr | Toxic Effects of the Most Common Components of Energetic Co-Crystals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toxic Effects of the Most Common Components of Energetic Co-Crystals |
| title_short | Toxic Effects of the Most Common Components of Energetic Co-Crystals |
| title_sort | toxic effects of the most common components of energetic co crystals |
| topic | Cocrystal Materials CL-20 Toxicities Toxic Mechanism Energetic Materials |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3234 |
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