Assessing crack formation and strain distribution in concrete structures using externally installed fiber optic sensors

The structural integrity of many European bridges is increasingly compromised by rising traffic loads and gradual deterioration. As a result, numerous bridges are no longer able to meet modern safety standards, necessitating either replacement or extensive maintenance in the coming years. In this co...

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Main Authors: Henrik Becks, Matthias Högemann, Josef Hegger, Martin Classen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-07-01
Series:Case Studies in Construction Materials
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221450952500542X
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author Henrik Becks
Matthias Högemann
Josef Hegger
Martin Classen
author_facet Henrik Becks
Matthias Högemann
Josef Hegger
Martin Classen
author_sort Henrik Becks
collection DOAJ
description The structural integrity of many European bridges is increasingly compromised by rising traffic loads and gradual deterioration. As a result, numerous bridges are no longer able to meet modern safety standards, necessitating either replacement or extensive maintenance in the coming years. In this context, reliable condition assessment and efficient rehabilitation strategies are essential. Unfortunately, assessment of structural integrity and remaining service life is currently mostly based on elaborate visual inspection, which is time-consuming, subjective, and limited in precision. Fiber optic sensors (FOS) offer a more advanced alternative, enabling quasi-continuous, long-range strain measurements in high resolution.This paper utilizes externally applied FOS on concrete surfaces to measure strain distribution, predict crack initiation, and track crack propagation. Wide-ranging mesoscale tests were conducted on both plain and reinforced concrete (RC) specimens under monotonic, cyclic, and fatigue tensile loading to systematically evaluate the accuracy, robustness, and practical applicability of FOS. Two preselected fiber coating materials – namely polyimide and acrylate – were examined in this study. In addition to a detailed analysis of strain distribution and data point dropout (DPD), crack opening and position were calculated using FOS data and compared with conventional measurement techniques such as digital image correlation (DIC). The results demonstrate that externally applied FOS are able to predict crack initiation based on strain measurements well before visible crack formation, and reliably monitor gradual crack opening even after yielding of the reinforcement, offering valuable insights for long-term structural health monitoring.
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spelling doaj-art-70f2a63ce89647cb9e7dbe41fdd3cc242025-08-20T03:49:41ZengElsevierCase Studies in Construction Materials2214-50952025-07-0122e0474410.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04744Assessing crack formation and strain distribution in concrete structures using externally installed fiber optic sensorsHenrik Becks0Matthias Högemann1Josef Hegger2Martin Classen3Corresponding author.; Institute of Structural Concrete, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 1, 52074 Aachen, GermanyInstitute of Structural Concrete, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 1, 52074 Aachen, GermanyInstitute of Structural Concrete, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 1, 52074 Aachen, GermanyInstitute of Structural Concrete, RWTH Aachen University, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Straße 1, 52074 Aachen, GermanyThe structural integrity of many European bridges is increasingly compromised by rising traffic loads and gradual deterioration. As a result, numerous bridges are no longer able to meet modern safety standards, necessitating either replacement or extensive maintenance in the coming years. In this context, reliable condition assessment and efficient rehabilitation strategies are essential. Unfortunately, assessment of structural integrity and remaining service life is currently mostly based on elaborate visual inspection, which is time-consuming, subjective, and limited in precision. Fiber optic sensors (FOS) offer a more advanced alternative, enabling quasi-continuous, long-range strain measurements in high resolution.This paper utilizes externally applied FOS on concrete surfaces to measure strain distribution, predict crack initiation, and track crack propagation. Wide-ranging mesoscale tests were conducted on both plain and reinforced concrete (RC) specimens under monotonic, cyclic, and fatigue tensile loading to systematically evaluate the accuracy, robustness, and practical applicability of FOS. Two preselected fiber coating materials – namely polyimide and acrylate – were examined in this study. In addition to a detailed analysis of strain distribution and data point dropout (DPD), crack opening and position were calculated using FOS data and compared with conventional measurement techniques such as digital image correlation (DIC). The results demonstrate that externally applied FOS are able to predict crack initiation based on strain measurements well before visible crack formation, and reliably monitor gradual crack opening even after yielding of the reinforcement, offering valuable insights for long-term structural health monitoring.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221450952500542XReinforced concrete (RC)Tensile loadingStrain developmentCrack detectionFiber optic sensors (FOS)Fatigue
spellingShingle Henrik Becks
Matthias Högemann
Josef Hegger
Martin Classen
Assessing crack formation and strain distribution in concrete structures using externally installed fiber optic sensors
Case Studies in Construction Materials
Reinforced concrete (RC)
Tensile loading
Strain development
Crack detection
Fiber optic sensors (FOS)
Fatigue
title Assessing crack formation and strain distribution in concrete structures using externally installed fiber optic sensors
title_full Assessing crack formation and strain distribution in concrete structures using externally installed fiber optic sensors
title_fullStr Assessing crack formation and strain distribution in concrete structures using externally installed fiber optic sensors
title_full_unstemmed Assessing crack formation and strain distribution in concrete structures using externally installed fiber optic sensors
title_short Assessing crack formation and strain distribution in concrete structures using externally installed fiber optic sensors
title_sort assessing crack formation and strain distribution in concrete structures using externally installed fiber optic sensors
topic Reinforced concrete (RC)
Tensile loading
Strain development
Crack detection
Fiber optic sensors (FOS)
Fatigue
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S221450952500542X
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AT josefhegger assessingcrackformationandstraindistributioninconcretestructuresusingexternallyinstalledfiberopticsensors
AT martinclassen assessingcrackformationandstraindistributioninconcretestructuresusingexternallyinstalledfiberopticsensors