Effective rain rate model for analysing overestimated rain fade in short millimetre-wave terrestrial links due to distance factor
Significant discrepancies have been observed between the measured attenuation induced by rain over mm-wave terrestrial links at very short communication paths and the predicted measurement by ITU-R P.530-18. Recent observations indicate that the rain rate at 0.01 % occurrence used by the ITU-R predi...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Results in Engineering |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025002002 |
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| author | Asma Ali Budalal Ibraheem Shayea Md. Rafiqul Islam Jafri Din Abdulsamad Ebrahim Yahya Yousef Ibrahim Daradkeh Marwan Hadri Azmi |
| author_facet | Asma Ali Budalal Ibraheem Shayea Md. Rafiqul Islam Jafri Din Abdulsamad Ebrahim Yahya Yousef Ibrahim Daradkeh Marwan Hadri Azmi |
| author_sort | Asma Ali Budalal |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Significant discrepancies have been observed between the measured attenuation induced by rain over mm-wave terrestrial links at very short communication paths and the predicted measurement by ITU-R P.530-18. Recent observations indicate that the rain rate at 0.01 % occurrence used by the ITU-R prediction method does not represent effective rain intensity for less than 1 km of path length, despite its accuracy for paths longer than 1 km. These deviations can be attributed to several factors, such as spatial inhomogeneity, rain cell diameter, and environmental variations. Additionally, sudden changes in the propagation environment, such as wind direction, humidity, and wind speed, contribute to non-uniform rain distributions. Additionally, there is still a lack of comprehensive investigations due to the involved experimental difficulties. Thus, an effective rain rate concept and model are proposed to represent rain intensity variations for short paths to eliminate the need for an effective path length that more accurately predicts rain attenuation at path lengths exceeding 1 km. The proposed model is based on the measured R0.01 %, short path (less than 1 km) and frequency. Two-year measurements of both the rainfall rate and rain attenuation over two experimental links operating at 26 and 38 GHz at a 0.3 km path length are used to validate and enhance the model. The measurements and experiments are conducted in Malaysia. The result indicated that the shorter the link, the higher the expected Reff. One aspect that may partially justify this significant increase in Reff is the fact that the ITU-R P.838-3 model does not consider the impact of the raindrop size distribution (DSD)for tropical climates when predicting rain attenuation at a short-range mm-wave link. The proposed model estimations are compared with experimental attenuation results reported at 73.5GHz and 83.5GHz over a 0.3 km path length. Several experimental results reported from different regions around the globe are used to validate the proposed model. The outcomes are in good agreement. The findings emphasize the importance of developing region-specific models that consider local meteorological variations, potentially offering significant improvements to the reliability and design of mm-wave communication systems and realizing the future goal of 6G wireless mobile fronthaul. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-70e4cdeb431c4a66af40a6c5f0d4de42 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2590-1230 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Results in Engineering |
| spelling | doaj-art-70e4cdeb431c4a66af40a6c5f0d4de422025-02-05T04:32:35ZengElsevierResults in Engineering2590-12302025-03-0125104112Effective rain rate model for analysing overestimated rain fade in short millimetre-wave terrestrial links due to distance factorAsma Ali Budalal0Ibraheem Shayea1Md. Rafiqul Islam2Jafri Din3Abdulsamad Ebrahim Yahya4Yousef Ibrahim Daradkeh5Marwan Hadri Azmi6Department of Telecommunication and Electronics Technology, College of Electrical and Electronic Technology Benghazi, Libya; Corresponding author.Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Sarıyer 34467, Turkey; Department of Intelligent Systems and Cybersecurity, Astana IT University, 010000 Astana, KazakhstanDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Gombak, 5072 MalaysiaWireless Communication Centre, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru, 81310, MalaysiaDepartment of Information Technology, College of Computing and Information Technology, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Computer Engineering and Information, College of Engineering in Wadi Alddawasir, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16273, Saudi ArabiaWireless Communication Centre, Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, UTM Kuala Lumpur, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaSignificant discrepancies have been observed between the measured attenuation induced by rain over mm-wave terrestrial links at very short communication paths and the predicted measurement by ITU-R P.530-18. Recent observations indicate that the rain rate at 0.01 % occurrence used by the ITU-R prediction method does not represent effective rain intensity for less than 1 km of path length, despite its accuracy for paths longer than 1 km. These deviations can be attributed to several factors, such as spatial inhomogeneity, rain cell diameter, and environmental variations. Additionally, sudden changes in the propagation environment, such as wind direction, humidity, and wind speed, contribute to non-uniform rain distributions. Additionally, there is still a lack of comprehensive investigations due to the involved experimental difficulties. Thus, an effective rain rate concept and model are proposed to represent rain intensity variations for short paths to eliminate the need for an effective path length that more accurately predicts rain attenuation at path lengths exceeding 1 km. The proposed model is based on the measured R0.01 %, short path (less than 1 km) and frequency. Two-year measurements of both the rainfall rate and rain attenuation over two experimental links operating at 26 and 38 GHz at a 0.3 km path length are used to validate and enhance the model. The measurements and experiments are conducted in Malaysia. The result indicated that the shorter the link, the higher the expected Reff. One aspect that may partially justify this significant increase in Reff is the fact that the ITU-R P.838-3 model does not consider the impact of the raindrop size distribution (DSD)for tropical climates when predicting rain attenuation at a short-range mm-wave link. The proposed model estimations are compared with experimental attenuation results reported at 73.5GHz and 83.5GHz over a 0.3 km path length. Several experimental results reported from different regions around the globe are used to validate the proposed model. The outcomes are in good agreement. The findings emphasize the importance of developing region-specific models that consider local meteorological variations, potentially offering significant improvements to the reliability and design of mm-wave communication systems and realizing the future goal of 6G wireless mobile fronthaul.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025002002Effective rain ratePredicted rain fadeDistance factorShort-lengthMillimetre-waveTerrestrial Links |
| spellingShingle | Asma Ali Budalal Ibraheem Shayea Md. Rafiqul Islam Jafri Din Abdulsamad Ebrahim Yahya Yousef Ibrahim Daradkeh Marwan Hadri Azmi Effective rain rate model for analysing overestimated rain fade in short millimetre-wave terrestrial links due to distance factor Results in Engineering Effective rain rate Predicted rain fade Distance factor Short-length Millimetre-wave Terrestrial Links |
| title | Effective rain rate model for analysing overestimated rain fade in short millimetre-wave terrestrial links due to distance factor |
| title_full | Effective rain rate model for analysing overestimated rain fade in short millimetre-wave terrestrial links due to distance factor |
| title_fullStr | Effective rain rate model for analysing overestimated rain fade in short millimetre-wave terrestrial links due to distance factor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effective rain rate model for analysing overestimated rain fade in short millimetre-wave terrestrial links due to distance factor |
| title_short | Effective rain rate model for analysing overestimated rain fade in short millimetre-wave terrestrial links due to distance factor |
| title_sort | effective rain rate model for analysing overestimated rain fade in short millimetre wave terrestrial links due to distance factor |
| topic | Effective rain rate Predicted rain fade Distance factor Short-length Millimetre-wave Terrestrial Links |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590123025002002 |
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