Inclusive green finance: as an approach of developing a comprehensive indicator for BRICS and other emerging economies

Abstract While a large body of literature has provided evidence on how financial development can contribute to the increase in well-being and, more recently, to the quality of the environment, it remains under researched how emerging markets’ performance can be assessed in the two fields simultaneou...

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Main Authors: Zsuzsanna Novák, Gábor Fáth, Chenhe Ge, Pawan Kumar
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-07-01
Series:Journal of Economic Structures
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-025-00354-5
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author Zsuzsanna Novák
Gábor Fáth
Chenhe Ge
Pawan Kumar
author_facet Zsuzsanna Novák
Gábor Fáth
Chenhe Ge
Pawan Kumar
author_sort Zsuzsanna Novák
collection DOAJ
description Abstract While a large body of literature has provided evidence on how financial development can contribute to the increase in well-being and, more recently, to the quality of the environment, it remains under researched how emerging markets’ performance can be assessed in the two fields simultaneously. The study introduces a novel approach to assessing IGF, using BRICS and four Central European economies as examples to reveal key trends and performance metrics. It evaluates the financial structure of selected economies using World Bank and IMF data sets on financial inclusion, alongside indicators of green finance and innovation. The bunch of data are analysed with the help of three sub-indices contrasting the methodology of the HDI and the positivity constrained version of the two-stage PCA to reach a more stable and consistent evaluation. We find that though the ranking of emerging economies largely depends on the selection of the data set, the composite indicator based on the two-stage PCA provides more balanced results. Overall, the composite indicator developed in this study equips policymakers and international organisations with a practical tool to track progress in financial inclusion and green finance, enabling cross-country comparisons and timely interventions.
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institution Kabale University
issn 2193-2409
language English
publishDate 2025-07-01
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series Journal of Economic Structures
spelling doaj-art-70d2cd65bba44d998c4b4e74e41cd3232025-08-20T03:45:19ZengSpringerOpenJournal of Economic Structures2193-24092025-07-0114112310.1186/s40008-025-00354-5Inclusive green finance: as an approach of developing a comprehensive indicator for BRICS and other emerging economiesZsuzsanna Novák0Gábor Fáth1Chenhe Ge2Pawan Kumar3Department of Finance, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Q BuildingELTE RiskLab and Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Eötvös Loránd University, Lágymányos CampusDepartment of Finance, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Q BuildingDepartment of Finance, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Q BuildingAbstract While a large body of literature has provided evidence on how financial development can contribute to the increase in well-being and, more recently, to the quality of the environment, it remains under researched how emerging markets’ performance can be assessed in the two fields simultaneously. The study introduces a novel approach to assessing IGF, using BRICS and four Central European economies as examples to reveal key trends and performance metrics. It evaluates the financial structure of selected economies using World Bank and IMF data sets on financial inclusion, alongside indicators of green finance and innovation. The bunch of data are analysed with the help of three sub-indices contrasting the methodology of the HDI and the positivity constrained version of the two-stage PCA to reach a more stable and consistent evaluation. We find that though the ranking of emerging economies largely depends on the selection of the data set, the composite indicator based on the two-stage PCA provides more balanced results. Overall, the composite indicator developed in this study equips policymakers and international organisations with a practical tool to track progress in financial inclusion and green finance, enabling cross-country comparisons and timely interventions.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-025-00354-5Financial inclusionGreen financeFintechIGFHDIConstrained PCA
spellingShingle Zsuzsanna Novák
Gábor Fáth
Chenhe Ge
Pawan Kumar
Inclusive green finance: as an approach of developing a comprehensive indicator for BRICS and other emerging economies
Journal of Economic Structures
Financial inclusion
Green finance
Fintech
IGF
HDI
Constrained PCA
title Inclusive green finance: as an approach of developing a comprehensive indicator for BRICS and other emerging economies
title_full Inclusive green finance: as an approach of developing a comprehensive indicator for BRICS and other emerging economies
title_fullStr Inclusive green finance: as an approach of developing a comprehensive indicator for BRICS and other emerging economies
title_full_unstemmed Inclusive green finance: as an approach of developing a comprehensive indicator for BRICS and other emerging economies
title_short Inclusive green finance: as an approach of developing a comprehensive indicator for BRICS and other emerging economies
title_sort inclusive green finance as an approach of developing a comprehensive indicator for brics and other emerging economies
topic Financial inclusion
Green finance
Fintech
IGF
HDI
Constrained PCA
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-025-00354-5
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AT gaborfath inclusivegreenfinanceasanapproachofdevelopingacomprehensiveindicatorforbricsandotheremergingeconomies
AT chenhege inclusivegreenfinanceasanapproachofdevelopingacomprehensiveindicatorforbricsandotheremergingeconomies
AT pawankumar inclusivegreenfinanceasanapproachofdevelopingacomprehensiveindicatorforbricsandotheremergingeconomies