Can incidental ingestion of plant-dwelling insects nutritionally benefit ungulates?

Abstract The diet of ungulates is often characterized by low protein levels and the presence of indigestible and defensive compounds. It also often lacks micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) essential for growth, health and reproduction. Ungulates select rich plant organs to compensate for nutrien...

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Main Authors: Tali S. Berman, Moshe Inbar
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-03-01
Series:Ecological Processes
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-025-00604-1
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author Tali S. Berman
Moshe Inbar
author_facet Tali S. Berman
Moshe Inbar
author_sort Tali S. Berman
collection DOAJ
description Abstract The diet of ungulates is often characterized by low protein levels and the presence of indigestible and defensive compounds. It also often lacks micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) essential for growth, health and reproduction. Ungulates select rich plant organs to compensate for nutrient shortages and may consume soil, faeces and even bones. It is common for ungulates to incidentally ingest plant-dwelling insects (PDI) while feeding. It is well known that insects contain protein and essential nutrients that can feed livestock, potentially replacing conventional feed. Based on this, we propose the ‘nutritional benefit of incidental ingestion’ hypothesis, suggesting that ungulates may nutritionally benefit from ingesting PDI while foraging. Based on evidence from the literature on PDI ingestion by ungulates and on the nutritional properties of different insects, we discuss how and whether the ingestion of PDI while foraging might improve the nutrient balance of ungulates and recommend a set of controlled experiments to test it. We provide a new and unfamiliar dimension of nutritional ecology, which is relevant to various grazing ecosystems. We propose to modify “trivial” food web structures, as direct trophic interactions between ungulates and PDI may hold greater significance for ungulate performance and behaviour.
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spelling doaj-art-70d1d10961384a96bdd9a5367fd302e92025-08-20T03:41:12ZengSpringerOpenEcological Processes2192-17092025-03-011411810.1186/s13717-025-00604-1Can incidental ingestion of plant-dwelling insects nutritionally benefit ungulates?Tali S. Berman0Moshe Inbar1Department of Animal Sciences, Hula Research Centre, Tel-Hai Academic CollegeDepartment of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of HaifaAbstract The diet of ungulates is often characterized by low protein levels and the presence of indigestible and defensive compounds. It also often lacks micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) essential for growth, health and reproduction. Ungulates select rich plant organs to compensate for nutrient shortages and may consume soil, faeces and even bones. It is common for ungulates to incidentally ingest plant-dwelling insects (PDI) while feeding. It is well known that insects contain protein and essential nutrients that can feed livestock, potentially replacing conventional feed. Based on this, we propose the ‘nutritional benefit of incidental ingestion’ hypothesis, suggesting that ungulates may nutritionally benefit from ingesting PDI while foraging. Based on evidence from the literature on PDI ingestion by ungulates and on the nutritional properties of different insects, we discuss how and whether the ingestion of PDI while foraging might improve the nutrient balance of ungulates and recommend a set of controlled experiments to test it. We provide a new and unfamiliar dimension of nutritional ecology, which is relevant to various grazing ecosystems. We propose to modify “trivial” food web structures, as direct trophic interactions between ungulates and PDI may hold greater significance for ungulate performance and behaviour.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-025-00604-1MicronutrientPlantArthropodProteinLarge mammalian herbivoreOmnivory
spellingShingle Tali S. Berman
Moshe Inbar
Can incidental ingestion of plant-dwelling insects nutritionally benefit ungulates?
Ecological Processes
Micronutrient
Plant
Arthropod
Protein
Large mammalian herbivore
Omnivory
title Can incidental ingestion of plant-dwelling insects nutritionally benefit ungulates?
title_full Can incidental ingestion of plant-dwelling insects nutritionally benefit ungulates?
title_fullStr Can incidental ingestion of plant-dwelling insects nutritionally benefit ungulates?
title_full_unstemmed Can incidental ingestion of plant-dwelling insects nutritionally benefit ungulates?
title_short Can incidental ingestion of plant-dwelling insects nutritionally benefit ungulates?
title_sort can incidental ingestion of plant dwelling insects nutritionally benefit ungulates
topic Micronutrient
Plant
Arthropod
Protein
Large mammalian herbivore
Omnivory
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-025-00604-1
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