Foodborne Infections and <i>Salmonella</i>: Current Primary Prevention Tools and Future Perspectives
<i>Salmonella</i> is considered the major zoonotic and foodborne pathogen responsible for human infections. It includes the serovars causing typhoid fever (<i>S. typhi</i> and <i>S. paratyphi</i>) and the non-typhoidal salmonella (NTS) serovars (<i>S. enteri...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Antonella Zizza Alessandra Fallucca Marcello Guido Vincenzo Restivo Marco Roveta Cecilia Trucchi |
| author_facet | Antonella Zizza Alessandra Fallucca Marcello Guido Vincenzo Restivo Marco Roveta Cecilia Trucchi |
| author_sort | Antonella Zizza |
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| description | <i>Salmonella</i> is considered the major zoonotic and foodborne pathogen responsible for human infections. It includes the serovars causing typhoid fever (<i>S. typhi</i> and <i>S. paratyphi</i>) and the non-typhoidal salmonella (NTS) serovars (<i>S. enteritidis</i> and <i>S. typhimurium</i>), causing enteric infections known as “Salmonellosis”. NTS represents a major public health burden worldwide. The consumption of <i>S. enteritidis</i>-contaminated animal foods is the main source of this disease in humans, and eradicating bacteria from animals remains a challenge. NTS causes various clinical manifestations, depending on the quantity of bacteria present in the food and the immune status of the infected individual, ranging from localized, self-limiting gastroenteritis to more serious systemic infections. Salmonellosis prevention is based on hygienic and behavioral rules related to food handling that aim to reduce the risk of infection. However, no vaccine against NTS is available for human use. This aspect, in addition to the increase in multidrug-resistant strains and the high morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic costs of NTS-related diseases, makes the development of new prevention and control strategies urgently needed. The success of the vaccines used to protect against <i>S. typhi</i> encouraged the development of NTS vaccine candidates, including live attenuated, subunit-based, and recombinant-protein-based vaccines. In this review, we discuss the epidemiological burden of Salmonellosis and its primary prevention, focusing on the current status and future perspectives of the vaccines against NTS. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-70c7b6906dfc4d39a4d60dbdd1da64a3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj-art-70c7b6906dfc4d39a4d60dbdd1da64a32025-01-24T13:51:42ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2024-12-011312910.3390/vaccines13010029Foodborne Infections and <i>Salmonella</i>: Current Primary Prevention Tools and Future PerspectivesAntonella Zizza0Alessandra Fallucca1Marcello Guido2Vincenzo Restivo3Marco Roveta4Cecilia Trucchi5Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 73100 Lecce, ItalyDepartment of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, ItalyLaboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, ItalySchool of Medicine, University Kore of Enna, 94100 Enna, ItalyFood Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit 3, Department of Prevention, 16142 Genoa, ItalyFood Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit 3, Department of Prevention, 16142 Genoa, Italy<i>Salmonella</i> is considered the major zoonotic and foodborne pathogen responsible for human infections. It includes the serovars causing typhoid fever (<i>S. typhi</i> and <i>S. paratyphi</i>) and the non-typhoidal salmonella (NTS) serovars (<i>S. enteritidis</i> and <i>S. typhimurium</i>), causing enteric infections known as “Salmonellosis”. NTS represents a major public health burden worldwide. The consumption of <i>S. enteritidis</i>-contaminated animal foods is the main source of this disease in humans, and eradicating bacteria from animals remains a challenge. NTS causes various clinical manifestations, depending on the quantity of bacteria present in the food and the immune status of the infected individual, ranging from localized, self-limiting gastroenteritis to more serious systemic infections. Salmonellosis prevention is based on hygienic and behavioral rules related to food handling that aim to reduce the risk of infection. However, no vaccine against NTS is available for human use. This aspect, in addition to the increase in multidrug-resistant strains and the high morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic costs of NTS-related diseases, makes the development of new prevention and control strategies urgently needed. The success of the vaccines used to protect against <i>S. typhi</i> encouraged the development of NTS vaccine candidates, including live attenuated, subunit-based, and recombinant-protein-based vaccines. In this review, we discuss the epidemiological burden of Salmonellosis and its primary prevention, focusing on the current status and future perspectives of the vaccines against NTS.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/1/29<i>S. typhi</i><i>S. paratyphi</i>non-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i>epidemiologypreventionfoodborne infections |
| spellingShingle | Antonella Zizza Alessandra Fallucca Marcello Guido Vincenzo Restivo Marco Roveta Cecilia Trucchi Foodborne Infections and <i>Salmonella</i>: Current Primary Prevention Tools and Future Perspectives Vaccines <i>S. typhi</i> <i>S. paratyphi</i> non-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> epidemiology prevention foodborne infections |
| title | Foodborne Infections and <i>Salmonella</i>: Current Primary Prevention Tools and Future Perspectives |
| title_full | Foodborne Infections and <i>Salmonella</i>: Current Primary Prevention Tools and Future Perspectives |
| title_fullStr | Foodborne Infections and <i>Salmonella</i>: Current Primary Prevention Tools and Future Perspectives |
| title_full_unstemmed | Foodborne Infections and <i>Salmonella</i>: Current Primary Prevention Tools and Future Perspectives |
| title_short | Foodborne Infections and <i>Salmonella</i>: Current Primary Prevention Tools and Future Perspectives |
| title_sort | foodborne infections and i salmonella i current primary prevention tools and future perspectives |
| topic | <i>S. typhi</i> <i>S. paratyphi</i> non-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> epidemiology prevention foodborne infections |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/1/29 |
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