Longitudinal transcriptome analysis reveals distinct gene expression patterns in traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of upper respiratory tract infections

BackgroundWind-cold (WC) and Wind-heat (WH) are common syndromes of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), presenting different clinical features, but the transcriptomic changes associated with these syndromes remained unclear.Materials and MethodsPatients...

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Main Authors: Hao Zou, Changrui Huang, Qinqi Feng, Bang Yu, Jian Liu, Xinyang Shu, Xiaolu Nie, Hongchun Zhang, Xiaohui Zou
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Frontiers Media S.A. 2024-11-01
Series:Frontiers in Genetics
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Online Access:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2024.1483098/full
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author Hao Zou
Hao Zou
Changrui Huang
Changrui Huang
Qinqi Feng
Qinqi Feng
Bang Yu
Bang Yu
Jian Liu
Xinyang Shu
Xiaolu Nie
Hongchun Zhang
Xiaohui Zou
author_facet Hao Zou
Hao Zou
Changrui Huang
Changrui Huang
Qinqi Feng
Qinqi Feng
Bang Yu
Bang Yu
Jian Liu
Xinyang Shu
Xiaolu Nie
Hongchun Zhang
Xiaohui Zou
author_sort Hao Zou
collection DOAJ
description BackgroundWind-cold (WC) and Wind-heat (WH) are common syndromes of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), presenting different clinical features, but the transcriptomic changes associated with these syndromes remained unclear.Materials and MethodsPatients with WC and WH syndromes were recruited from outpatient unit, pharyngeal swabs were collected for pathogen detection. Peripheral blood samples were obtained on day 1 and day 6, with healthy volunteers as controls. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes and pathways associated with the two syndromes. Marker genes for each syndrome were identified, and a machine learning classifier was developed.ResultsA total of 124 samples from 34 WC, 30 WH patients, and 16 health controls were included in this study. No significant differences in etiological spectrum were observed between the syndromes. Both syndromes showed distinct gene expression profiles compared to health control. Gene enrichment analysis indicated that TGF-β and Wnt/β -catenin pathways were downregulated in the WH. The oxidative phosphorylation pathways were downregulated in WC cohort compared to the WH cohort. As the URTIs improved from day 1 to day 6, oxidative phosphorylation pathway activity returned to normal levels. The marker genes for WC and WH syndromes were identified and a random forest classifier was built, achieving an accuracy of 0.88.ConclusionWC and WH syndromes demonstrated distinct gene expression profiles, supporting more precise TCM diagnosis. WC syndrome is marked by mitochondrial dysfunction, while WH syndrome is characterized by downregulated TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin pathways.
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spelling doaj-art-70ac0e7dd1294a2ebbee05509f0061bf2025-08-20T02:28:16ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Genetics1664-80212024-11-011510.3389/fgene.2024.14830981483098Longitudinal transcriptome analysis reveals distinct gene expression patterns in traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of upper respiratory tract infectionsHao Zou0Hao Zou1Changrui Huang2Changrui Huang3Qinqi Feng4Qinqi Feng5Bang Yu6Bang Yu7Jian Liu8Xinyang Shu9Xiaolu Nie10Hongchun Zhang11Xiaohui Zou12Graduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Centre for Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Pulmonary Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaGraduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Centre for Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Pulmonary Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaGraduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Centre for Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Pulmonary Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaGraduate School of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Centre for Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Pulmonary Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Centre for Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Pulmonary Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Centre for Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Pulmonary Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Children’s Health, Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Centre for Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Pulmonary Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaNational Center for Respiratory Medicine, National Centre for Integrative Chinese and Western Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Health and Multimorbidity, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, ChinaBackgroundWind-cold (WC) and Wind-heat (WH) are common syndromes of upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), presenting different clinical features, but the transcriptomic changes associated with these syndromes remained unclear.Materials and MethodsPatients with WC and WH syndromes were recruited from outpatient unit, pharyngeal swabs were collected for pathogen detection. Peripheral blood samples were obtained on day 1 and day 6, with healthy volunteers as controls. Transcriptome sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes and pathways associated with the two syndromes. Marker genes for each syndrome were identified, and a machine learning classifier was developed.ResultsA total of 124 samples from 34 WC, 30 WH patients, and 16 health controls were included in this study. No significant differences in etiological spectrum were observed between the syndromes. Both syndromes showed distinct gene expression profiles compared to health control. Gene enrichment analysis indicated that TGF-β and Wnt/β -catenin pathways were downregulated in the WH. The oxidative phosphorylation pathways were downregulated in WC cohort compared to the WH cohort. As the URTIs improved from day 1 to day 6, oxidative phosphorylation pathway activity returned to normal levels. The marker genes for WC and WH syndromes were identified and a random forest classifier was built, achieving an accuracy of 0.88.ConclusionWC and WH syndromes demonstrated distinct gene expression profiles, supporting more precise TCM diagnosis. WC syndrome is marked by mitochondrial dysfunction, while WH syndrome is characterized by downregulated TGF-β and Wnt/β-catenin pathways.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2024.1483098/fullupper respiratory tract infectionstraditional Chinese medicinewind-cold syndromewind-heat syndrometranscriptome analysis
spellingShingle Hao Zou
Hao Zou
Changrui Huang
Changrui Huang
Qinqi Feng
Qinqi Feng
Bang Yu
Bang Yu
Jian Liu
Xinyang Shu
Xiaolu Nie
Hongchun Zhang
Xiaohui Zou
Longitudinal transcriptome analysis reveals distinct gene expression patterns in traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of upper respiratory tract infections
Frontiers in Genetics
upper respiratory tract infections
traditional Chinese medicine
wind-cold syndrome
wind-heat syndrome
transcriptome analysis
title Longitudinal transcriptome analysis reveals distinct gene expression patterns in traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of upper respiratory tract infections
title_full Longitudinal transcriptome analysis reveals distinct gene expression patterns in traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of upper respiratory tract infections
title_fullStr Longitudinal transcriptome analysis reveals distinct gene expression patterns in traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of upper respiratory tract infections
title_full_unstemmed Longitudinal transcriptome analysis reveals distinct gene expression patterns in traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of upper respiratory tract infections
title_short Longitudinal transcriptome analysis reveals distinct gene expression patterns in traditional Chinese medicine syndromes of upper respiratory tract infections
title_sort longitudinal transcriptome analysis reveals distinct gene expression patterns in traditional chinese medicine syndromes of upper respiratory tract infections
topic upper respiratory tract infections
traditional Chinese medicine
wind-cold syndrome
wind-heat syndrome
transcriptome analysis
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2024.1483098/full
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