Mucocutaneous Manifestations and Association with Clinico-Immunological Categories, CD4 Indices, and ART Adherence in HIV-Infected Children in Umuahia, South-East Nigeria
Background: Mucocutaneous disorders are indicators of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and correlation with clinical and immunological categories of the patients may serve as a guide for management in poor-resource countries. Objectives: To determine the association between mucocutaneous man...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2025-07-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Medicine and Health Development |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmh.ijmh_92_24 |
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| author | Odochi Ewurum Ihuoma K. Ukpabi Thomas O. Nnaji Ngozi C. Ojinnaka |
| author_facet | Odochi Ewurum Ihuoma K. Ukpabi Thomas O. Nnaji Ngozi C. Ojinnaka |
| author_sort | Odochi Ewurum |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Mucocutaneous disorders are indicators of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and correlation with clinical and immunological categories of the patients may serve as a guide for management in poor-resource countries. Objectives: To determine the association between mucocutaneous manifestations in HIV-infected children in Umuahia and the clinical and immunological categories, CD4 indices, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, and comparative study, carried out on 120 children with HIV infection, aged 4 months to 15 years who were consecutively recruited in the pediatric HIV clinic. Detailed clinical information was collected; World Health Organization (WHO) pediatric clinical staging and classification of HIV-associated immunodeficiency was used for clinico-immunological categories. Mucocutaneous lesion was diagnosed clinically. Skin scrapings and biopsy were carried out to confirm the diagnosis. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables, and the Student t-test was used as appropriate. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mucocutaneous manifestations occurred in 67 (55.8%) children and non-infective in 35 (52.2%). They were most common among children with severe immunosuppression (74.1%) and those in clinical stage 2 (98.5%). The differences in mean CD4 count and percentage of those with and without mucocutaneous lesions were statistically significant (t = 4.37, P < 0.001 and t = 8.83, P < 0.001, respectively). Children with non-infective lesions had severe immunosuppression. All patients in clinical stage 3 had an infective lesion. Mucocutaneous lesions were very common, occurring in 81.3% of those not on ART and 58.6% not adherent to medications. Conclusions: The severity of the mucocutaneous manifestation increased with worsening immune status of patients. Strict monitoring of adherence to ART is highly advocated. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-707ae0ae2b2d4f1292c67f5ec260c8f3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2635-3695 2667-2863 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Medicine and Health Development |
| spelling | doaj-art-707ae0ae2b2d4f1292c67f5ec260c8f32025-08-20T03:33:54ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsInternational Journal of Medicine and Health Development2635-36952667-28632025-07-0130327828310.4103/ijmh.ijmh_92_24Mucocutaneous Manifestations and Association with Clinico-Immunological Categories, CD4 Indices, and ART Adherence in HIV-Infected Children in Umuahia, South-East NigeriaOdochi EwurumIhuoma K. UkpabiThomas O. NnajiNgozi C. OjinnakaBackground: Mucocutaneous disorders are indicators of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and correlation with clinical and immunological categories of the patients may serve as a guide for management in poor-resource countries. Objectives: To determine the association between mucocutaneous manifestations in HIV-infected children in Umuahia and the clinical and immunological categories, CD4 indices, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence. Materials and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional, and comparative study, carried out on 120 children with HIV infection, aged 4 months to 15 years who were consecutively recruited in the pediatric HIV clinic. Detailed clinical information was collected; World Health Organization (WHO) pediatric clinical staging and classification of HIV-associated immunodeficiency was used for clinico-immunological categories. Mucocutaneous lesion was diagnosed clinically. Skin scrapings and biopsy were carried out to confirm the diagnosis. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables, and the Student t-test was used as appropriate. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Mucocutaneous manifestations occurred in 67 (55.8%) children and non-infective in 35 (52.2%). They were most common among children with severe immunosuppression (74.1%) and those in clinical stage 2 (98.5%). The differences in mean CD4 count and percentage of those with and without mucocutaneous lesions were statistically significant (t = 4.37, P < 0.001 and t = 8.83, P < 0.001, respectively). Children with non-infective lesions had severe immunosuppression. All patients in clinical stage 3 had an infective lesion. Mucocutaneous lesions were very common, occurring in 81.3% of those not on ART and 58.6% not adherent to medications. Conclusions: The severity of the mucocutaneous manifestation increased with worsening immune status of patients. Strict monitoring of adherence to ART is highly advocated.https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmh.ijmh_92_24childrenhiv infectionimmuno-clinical categoriesumuahia |
| spellingShingle | Odochi Ewurum Ihuoma K. Ukpabi Thomas O. Nnaji Ngozi C. Ojinnaka Mucocutaneous Manifestations and Association with Clinico-Immunological Categories, CD4 Indices, and ART Adherence in HIV-Infected Children in Umuahia, South-East Nigeria International Journal of Medicine and Health Development children hiv infection immuno-clinical categories umuahia |
| title | Mucocutaneous Manifestations and Association with Clinico-Immunological Categories, CD4 Indices, and ART Adherence in HIV-Infected Children in Umuahia, South-East Nigeria |
| title_full | Mucocutaneous Manifestations and Association with Clinico-Immunological Categories, CD4 Indices, and ART Adherence in HIV-Infected Children in Umuahia, South-East Nigeria |
| title_fullStr | Mucocutaneous Manifestations and Association with Clinico-Immunological Categories, CD4 Indices, and ART Adherence in HIV-Infected Children in Umuahia, South-East Nigeria |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mucocutaneous Manifestations and Association with Clinico-Immunological Categories, CD4 Indices, and ART Adherence in HIV-Infected Children in Umuahia, South-East Nigeria |
| title_short | Mucocutaneous Manifestations and Association with Clinico-Immunological Categories, CD4 Indices, and ART Adherence in HIV-Infected Children in Umuahia, South-East Nigeria |
| title_sort | mucocutaneous manifestations and association with clinico immunological categories cd4 indices and art adherence in hiv infected children in umuahia south east nigeria |
| topic | children hiv infection immuno-clinical categories umuahia |
| url | https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmh.ijmh_92_24 |
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