Comprehensive Analysis of VOCs in an Industrial Harbor City: Spatiotemporal Distribution, Health Risk, and Potential Sources
Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measurements during the worst air quality season of 2020–2022 were conducted at three distinct sites within Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan’s largest harbor and a significant hub in Asia. Air VOCs samples were collected continuously in 24 h by canister and analyze...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Springer
2024-06-01
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| Series: | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.240069 |
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| author | Thi-Hieu Le Chung-Shin Yuan Chitsan Lin Zhi-Ping Hsu I-Hsin Hsu Lin-Chi Wang |
| author_facet | Thi-Hieu Le Chung-Shin Yuan Chitsan Lin Zhi-Ping Hsu I-Hsin Hsu Lin-Chi Wang |
| author_sort | Thi-Hieu Le |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measurements during the worst air quality season of 2020–2022 were conducted at three distinct sites within Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan’s largest harbor and a significant hub in Asia. Air VOCs samples were collected continuously in 24 h by canister and analyzed by GC/MS with pre-concentration systems according to U.S. EPA Method TO-15. The source apportionment was defined by diagnostic ratio analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model while ozone formation potentials (OFP) were estimated by maximum incremental reactivity method. Health risk was estimated by unit risks and reference concentration for cancer and non-cancer risk, respectively. The results indicate a decrease in average total VOC (TVOC) concentrations (ppbv) over the study period: 37.9 ± 4.5 in 2020, 23.3 ± 9.9 in 2021, and 23.3 ± 2.6 in 2022. Dominant VOC components were C2-VOCs and aromatics, which made up more than 50% of TVOCs. According to diagnostic ratio analysis, local anthropogenic emissions, such as industrial and ship/vehicle emissions around harbor area, were main causes. Four sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), with industrial activities (33.7%), followed by vehicle and ship emissions (30.6%), solvent usages (21.1%), and fuel evaporations (14.6%). OFP results indicated that toluene was primary OFP contributor, accounting for an average of 30.4%, followed by C2-VOCs at 16.2% and m/p-xylenes at 12.5%, collectively contributing nearly 60% to OFP. These OFP contributors were significantly attributed to vehicle/ship emissions and solvent usages. Cumulative non-carcinogenic hazard indices were less than 1 indicates an acceptable non-carcinogenic health concern. Notably, only 1,2-dichloroethane exceeded the threshold of 1.0 × 10-6 for carcinogenic risk throughout the three-year observation period, while 1,3-butadiene indicated a high risk only in 2020. Industrial emissions could mainly contribute to carcinogenic risks in Kaohsiung Harbor and the surrounding area. The results are conducive to developing control strategies for VOC emissions to reduce human exposure risk to ambient air. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-70435ebcb4324ca39b46f39c58eba412 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1680-8584 2071-1409 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-06-01 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Aerosol and Air Quality Research |
| spelling | doaj-art-70435ebcb4324ca39b46f39c58eba4122025-02-09T12:24:32ZengSpringerAerosol and Air Quality Research1680-85842071-14092024-06-0124811910.4209/aaqr.240069Comprehensive Analysis of VOCs in an Industrial Harbor City: Spatiotemporal Distribution, Health Risk, and Potential SourcesThi-Hieu Le0Chung-Shin Yuan1Chitsan Lin2Zhi-Ping Hsu3I-Hsin Hsu4Lin-Chi Wang5Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and TechnologyInstitute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen UniversityInstitute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and TechnologyAbstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measurements during the worst air quality season of 2020–2022 were conducted at three distinct sites within Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan’s largest harbor and a significant hub in Asia. Air VOCs samples were collected continuously in 24 h by canister and analyzed by GC/MS with pre-concentration systems according to U.S. EPA Method TO-15. The source apportionment was defined by diagnostic ratio analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model while ozone formation potentials (OFP) were estimated by maximum incremental reactivity method. Health risk was estimated by unit risks and reference concentration for cancer and non-cancer risk, respectively. The results indicate a decrease in average total VOC (TVOC) concentrations (ppbv) over the study period: 37.9 ± 4.5 in 2020, 23.3 ± 9.9 in 2021, and 23.3 ± 2.6 in 2022. Dominant VOC components were C2-VOCs and aromatics, which made up more than 50% of TVOCs. According to diagnostic ratio analysis, local anthropogenic emissions, such as industrial and ship/vehicle emissions around harbor area, were main causes. Four sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF), with industrial activities (33.7%), followed by vehicle and ship emissions (30.6%), solvent usages (21.1%), and fuel evaporations (14.6%). OFP results indicated that toluene was primary OFP contributor, accounting for an average of 30.4%, followed by C2-VOCs at 16.2% and m/p-xylenes at 12.5%, collectively contributing nearly 60% to OFP. These OFP contributors were significantly attributed to vehicle/ship emissions and solvent usages. Cumulative non-carcinogenic hazard indices were less than 1 indicates an acceptable non-carcinogenic health concern. Notably, only 1,2-dichloroethane exceeded the threshold of 1.0 × 10-6 for carcinogenic risk throughout the three-year observation period, while 1,3-butadiene indicated a high risk only in 2020. Industrial emissions could mainly contribute to carcinogenic risks in Kaohsiung Harbor and the surrounding area. The results are conducive to developing control strategies for VOC emissions to reduce human exposure risk to ambient air.https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.240069Carcinogenic risksGreen portOzone formationPollution sourcesVolatile organic compounds |
| spellingShingle | Thi-Hieu Le Chung-Shin Yuan Chitsan Lin Zhi-Ping Hsu I-Hsin Hsu Lin-Chi Wang Comprehensive Analysis of VOCs in an Industrial Harbor City: Spatiotemporal Distribution, Health Risk, and Potential Sources Aerosol and Air Quality Research Carcinogenic risks Green port Ozone formation Pollution sources Volatile organic compounds |
| title | Comprehensive Analysis of VOCs in an Industrial Harbor City: Spatiotemporal Distribution, Health Risk, and Potential Sources |
| title_full | Comprehensive Analysis of VOCs in an Industrial Harbor City: Spatiotemporal Distribution, Health Risk, and Potential Sources |
| title_fullStr | Comprehensive Analysis of VOCs in an Industrial Harbor City: Spatiotemporal Distribution, Health Risk, and Potential Sources |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comprehensive Analysis of VOCs in an Industrial Harbor City: Spatiotemporal Distribution, Health Risk, and Potential Sources |
| title_short | Comprehensive Analysis of VOCs in an Industrial Harbor City: Spatiotemporal Distribution, Health Risk, and Potential Sources |
| title_sort | comprehensive analysis of vocs in an industrial harbor city spatiotemporal distribution health risk and potential sources |
| topic | Carcinogenic risks Green port Ozone formation Pollution sources Volatile organic compounds |
| url | https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.240069 |
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