Clinical trials with interim analyses: standardizing terminology to increase clarity

Abstract Interim analyses for group-sequential decision-making are prevalent in clinical trials. Methodology is well established and has been routinely implemented over the last decades. Still, confusions and uncertainties on aspects of how to operationalize and interpret interim analyses exist for...

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Main Authors: Elina Asikanius, Benjamin Hofner, Lisa V. Hampson, Gernot Wassmer, Christopher Jennison, Tobias Mielke, Cornelia Ursula Kunz, Kaspar Rufibach
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:Trials
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-08942-3
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author Elina Asikanius
Benjamin Hofner
Lisa V. Hampson
Gernot Wassmer
Christopher Jennison
Tobias Mielke
Cornelia Ursula Kunz
Kaspar Rufibach
author_facet Elina Asikanius
Benjamin Hofner
Lisa V. Hampson
Gernot Wassmer
Christopher Jennison
Tobias Mielke
Cornelia Ursula Kunz
Kaspar Rufibach
author_sort Elina Asikanius
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Interim analyses for group-sequential decision-making are prevalent in clinical trials. Methodology is well established and has been routinely implemented over the last decades. Still, confusions and uncertainties on aspects of how to operationalize and interpret interim analyses exist for many stakeholders. In this paper, a team of statisticians from the pharmaceutical industry, academia, and regulatory agencies provide a multi-stakeholder perspective on the key concepts behind interim analyses, with the aim to introduce standard terminology to mitigate misunderstandings and facilitate clearer discussions.
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institution DOAJ
issn 1745-6215
language English
publishDate 2025-07-01
publisher BMC
record_format Article
series Trials
spelling doaj-art-6fefc45dcf634b37b699321a82811bc92025-08-20T03:06:04ZengBMCTrials1745-62152025-07-0126111410.1186/s13063-025-08942-3Clinical trials with interim analyses: standardizing terminology to increase clarityElina Asikanius0Benjamin Hofner1Lisa V. Hampson2Gernot Wassmer3Christopher Jennison4Tobias Mielke5Cornelia Ursula Kunz6Kaspar Rufibach7Finnish Medicines AgencySection Data Science and Methods, Paul-Ehrlich-InstitutAdvanced Methodology & Data ScienceRPACT GbRDepartment of Mathematical Sciences, University of BathStatistics and Decision Sciences, Janssen-Cilag GmbHMethodology Group, Global Biostatistics and Data Sciences, Boehringer-IngelheimMethods, Collaboration, and Outreach Group, Product Development Data Sciences (MCO)Abstract Interim analyses for group-sequential decision-making are prevalent in clinical trials. Methodology is well established and has been routinely implemented over the last decades. Still, confusions and uncertainties on aspects of how to operationalize and interpret interim analyses exist for many stakeholders. In this paper, a team of statisticians from the pharmaceutical industry, academia, and regulatory agencies provide a multi-stakeholder perspective on the key concepts behind interim analyses, with the aim to introduce standard terminology to mitigate misunderstandings and facilitate clearer discussions.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-08942-3
spellingShingle Elina Asikanius
Benjamin Hofner
Lisa V. Hampson
Gernot Wassmer
Christopher Jennison
Tobias Mielke
Cornelia Ursula Kunz
Kaspar Rufibach
Clinical trials with interim analyses: standardizing terminology to increase clarity
Trials
title Clinical trials with interim analyses: standardizing terminology to increase clarity
title_full Clinical trials with interim analyses: standardizing terminology to increase clarity
title_fullStr Clinical trials with interim analyses: standardizing terminology to increase clarity
title_full_unstemmed Clinical trials with interim analyses: standardizing terminology to increase clarity
title_short Clinical trials with interim analyses: standardizing terminology to increase clarity
title_sort clinical trials with interim analyses standardizing terminology to increase clarity
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-08942-3
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