Investigation into the Static Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Steel Slag, Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, and Fly Ash
The utilization of steel slag (SS) in construction materials represents an effective approach to improving its overall recycling efficiency. This study incorporates SS into a conventional ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)–fly ash (FA)-based binder system to develop a ternary system compris...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| author | Yan-Hua Cai Tao Huang Bo-Yuan Huang Chuan-Bin Hua Qiang Huang Jing-Wen Chen Heng-Liang Liu Zi-Jie He Nai-Bi Rouzi Zhi-Hong Xie Gai Chen |
| author_facet | Yan-Hua Cai Tao Huang Bo-Yuan Huang Chuan-Bin Hua Qiang Huang Jing-Wen Chen Heng-Liang Liu Zi-Jie He Nai-Bi Rouzi Zhi-Hong Xie Gai Chen |
| author_sort | Yan-Hua Cai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The utilization of steel slag (SS) in construction materials represents an effective approach to improving its overall recycling efficiency. This study incorporates SS into a conventional ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)–fly ash (FA)-based binder system to develop a ternary system comprising SS, GGBS, and FA, and investigates how this system influences the static mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance geopolymer concrete (UHPGC). An axial point augmented simplex centroid design method was employed to systematically explore the influence and underlying mechanisms of different binder ratios on the workability, axial compressive strength, and flexural performance of UHPGC, and to determine the optimal compositional range. The results indicate that steel slag has a certain negative effect on the flowability of UHPGC paste; however, with an appropriate proportion of composite binder materials, the mixture can still exhibit satisfactory flowability. The compressive performance of UHPGC is primarily governed by the proportion of GGBS in the ternary binder system; an appropriate GGBS content can provide enhanced compressive strength and elastic modulus. UHPGC exhibits ductile behavior under flexural loading; however, replacing GGBS with SS significantly reduces its flexural strength and energy absorption capacity. The optimal static mechanical performance is achieved when the mass proportions of SS, GGBS, and FA are within the ranges of 9.3–13.8%, 66.2–70.7%, and 20.0–22.9%, respectively. This study provides a scientific approach for the valorization of SS through construction material applications and offers a theoretical and data-driven basis for the mix design of ultra-high-performance building materials derived from industrial solid wastes. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6fba68d415cd453ebe2c8255bba5ae55 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2075-5309 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Buildings |
| spelling | doaj-art-6fba68d415cd453ebe2c8255bba5ae552025-08-20T03:08:10ZengMDPI AGBuildings2075-53092025-07-011514253510.3390/buildings15142535Investigation into the Static Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Steel Slag, Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, and Fly AshYan-Hua Cai0Tao Huang1Bo-Yuan Huang2Chuan-Bin Hua3Qiang Huang4Jing-Wen Chen5Heng-Liang Liu6Zi-Jie He7Nai-Bi Rouzi8Zhi-Hong Xie9Gai Chen10Zhanjiang Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang 524200, ChinaZhanjiang Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang 524200, ChinaZhanjiang Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang 524200, ChinaZhanjiang Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang 524200, ChinaZhanjiang Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang 524200, ChinaZhanjiang Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Zhanjiang 524200, ChinaSchool of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaSchool of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaNavigational Engineering Department, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, ChinaSchool of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, ChinaThe utilization of steel slag (SS) in construction materials represents an effective approach to improving its overall recycling efficiency. This study incorporates SS into a conventional ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS)–fly ash (FA)-based binder system to develop a ternary system comprising SS, GGBS, and FA, and investigates how this system influences the static mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance geopolymer concrete (UHPGC). An axial point augmented simplex centroid design method was employed to systematically explore the influence and underlying mechanisms of different binder ratios on the workability, axial compressive strength, and flexural performance of UHPGC, and to determine the optimal compositional range. The results indicate that steel slag has a certain negative effect on the flowability of UHPGC paste; however, with an appropriate proportion of composite binder materials, the mixture can still exhibit satisfactory flowability. The compressive performance of UHPGC is primarily governed by the proportion of GGBS in the ternary binder system; an appropriate GGBS content can provide enhanced compressive strength and elastic modulus. UHPGC exhibits ductile behavior under flexural loading; however, replacing GGBS with SS significantly reduces its flexural strength and energy absorption capacity. The optimal static mechanical performance is achieved when the mass proportions of SS, GGBS, and FA are within the ranges of 9.3–13.8%, 66.2–70.7%, and 20.0–22.9%, respectively. This study provides a scientific approach for the valorization of SS through construction material applications and offers a theoretical and data-driven basis for the mix design of ultra-high-performance building materials derived from industrial solid wastes.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/14/2535steel slagultra-high-performance geopolymer concretestatic mechanical propertiessimplex centroid design method |
| spellingShingle | Yan-Hua Cai Tao Huang Bo-Yuan Huang Chuan-Bin Hua Qiang Huang Jing-Wen Chen Heng-Liang Liu Zi-Jie He Nai-Bi Rouzi Zhi-Hong Xie Gai Chen Investigation into the Static Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Steel Slag, Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, and Fly Ash Buildings steel slag ultra-high-performance geopolymer concrete static mechanical properties simplex centroid design method |
| title | Investigation into the Static Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Steel Slag, Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, and Fly Ash |
| title_full | Investigation into the Static Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Steel Slag, Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, and Fly Ash |
| title_fullStr | Investigation into the Static Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Steel Slag, Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, and Fly Ash |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigation into the Static Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Steel Slag, Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, and Fly Ash |
| title_short | Investigation into the Static Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High-Performance Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Steel Slag, Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, and Fly Ash |
| title_sort | investigation into the static mechanical properties of ultra high performance geopolymer concrete incorporating steel slag ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash |
| topic | steel slag ultra-high-performance geopolymer concrete static mechanical properties simplex centroid design method |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/15/14/2535 |
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