Human reference microbiome profiles of different body habitats in healthy individuals
IntroductionThis study aimed to establish the human reference microbiome profiles in blood, saliva, and stool of healthy individuals, serving as reference values to identify microbiome alterations in human disease.MethodsThe study population consisted of a reference group of healthy adults and a sec...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1478136/full |
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| author | Sujin Oh Kyoung Un Park Kyoung Un Park |
| author_facet | Sujin Oh Kyoung Un Park Kyoung Un Park |
| author_sort | Sujin Oh |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionThis study aimed to establish the human reference microbiome profiles in blood, saliva, and stool of healthy individuals, serving as reference values to identify microbiome alterations in human disease.MethodsThe study population consisted of a reference group of healthy adults and a second group consisting of adults with periodontal disease (PD). Blood, saliva, and stool samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing. Reference intervals of alpha diversity indices were calculated. To reduce the effects of inherent limitations of microbiome data, the taxonomic profiles of the reference group were estimated as log-scaled fold change (logFC) in the abundance of microorganisms between two habitats within the subjects. ResultsFor stool and saliva microbiomes, differences in the abundances of Firmicutes, Patescibacteria, and Verrucomicrobia distinguished healthy from PD subjects (95% confidence interval (CI) of logFC: [−0.18, 0.31], [−1.19, −0.34], and [−3.68, −2.90], respectively). Differences in the abundances of Cyanobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Tenericutes in stool and blood microbiome of healthy subjects fell within 95% CI of logFC [−0.38, 0.61], [−4.14, −3.01], and [1.66, 2.77], respectively. In saliva and blood, differences in the abundances of Epsilonbacteraeota, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria could be used as reference values (95% CI of logFC: [−3.67, −2.47], [−0.35, 0.49], [−4.59, −3.26], and [−1.20, 0.07], respectively).DiscussionAs the reference microbiome profiles could discern healthy subjects and individuals with PD, a relatively mild disease state, they can be applied as reference values representing the healthy status of the microbiome and for screening of disease states, preferably in preclinical stages. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6fb02d380b06466699e73d79093afd01 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2235-2988 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj-art-6fb02d380b06466699e73d79093afd012025-02-11T07:00:07ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology2235-29882025-02-011510.3389/fcimb.2025.14781361478136Human reference microbiome profiles of different body habitats in healthy individualsSujin Oh0Kyoung Un Park1Kyoung Un Park2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of KoreaIntroductionThis study aimed to establish the human reference microbiome profiles in blood, saliva, and stool of healthy individuals, serving as reference values to identify microbiome alterations in human disease.MethodsThe study population consisted of a reference group of healthy adults and a second group consisting of adults with periodontal disease (PD). Blood, saliva, and stool samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing. Reference intervals of alpha diversity indices were calculated. To reduce the effects of inherent limitations of microbiome data, the taxonomic profiles of the reference group were estimated as log-scaled fold change (logFC) in the abundance of microorganisms between two habitats within the subjects. ResultsFor stool and saliva microbiomes, differences in the abundances of Firmicutes, Patescibacteria, and Verrucomicrobia distinguished healthy from PD subjects (95% confidence interval (CI) of logFC: [−0.18, 0.31], [−1.19, −0.34], and [−3.68, −2.90], respectively). Differences in the abundances of Cyanobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Tenericutes in stool and blood microbiome of healthy subjects fell within 95% CI of logFC [−0.38, 0.61], [−4.14, −3.01], and [1.66, 2.77], respectively. In saliva and blood, differences in the abundances of Epsilonbacteraeota, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Proteobacteria could be used as reference values (95% CI of logFC: [−3.67, −2.47], [−0.35, 0.49], [−4.59, −3.26], and [−1.20, 0.07], respectively).DiscussionAs the reference microbiome profiles could discern healthy subjects and individuals with PD, a relatively mild disease state, they can be applied as reference values representing the healthy status of the microbiome and for screening of disease states, preferably in preclinical stages.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1478136/fullhuman reference microbiomehealthy microbiome statusblood microbiomesaliva microbiomestool microbiometaxonomic profile |
| spellingShingle | Sujin Oh Kyoung Un Park Kyoung Un Park Human reference microbiome profiles of different body habitats in healthy individuals Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology human reference microbiome healthy microbiome status blood microbiome saliva microbiome stool microbiome taxonomic profile |
| title | Human reference microbiome profiles of different body habitats in healthy individuals |
| title_full | Human reference microbiome profiles of different body habitats in healthy individuals |
| title_fullStr | Human reference microbiome profiles of different body habitats in healthy individuals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human reference microbiome profiles of different body habitats in healthy individuals |
| title_short | Human reference microbiome profiles of different body habitats in healthy individuals |
| title_sort | human reference microbiome profiles of different body habitats in healthy individuals |
| topic | human reference microbiome healthy microbiome status blood microbiome saliva microbiome stool microbiome taxonomic profile |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2025.1478136/full |
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