Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk in Urban River Sediments: A Case Study from Leyte, Philippines
This study evaluated heavy metal (HM) contamination in sediments from the Malbasag River in the Ormoc City port, Leyte, Philippines. A total of thirty sediment samples were collected randomly from ten locations along the river using an Ekman grab sampler. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry revealed...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| author | Abu Bakar Siddique Abu Sayed Al Helal Teofanes A. Patindol Deejay M. Lumanao Kleer Jeann G. Longatang Md. Alinur Rahman Lorene Paula A. Catalvas Anabella B. Tulin Molla Rahman Shaibur |
| author_facet | Abu Bakar Siddique Abu Sayed Al Helal Teofanes A. Patindol Deejay M. Lumanao Kleer Jeann G. Longatang Md. Alinur Rahman Lorene Paula A. Catalvas Anabella B. Tulin Molla Rahman Shaibur |
| author_sort | Abu Bakar Siddique |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study evaluated heavy metal (HM) contamination in sediments from the Malbasag River in the Ormoc City port, Leyte, Philippines. A total of thirty sediment samples were collected randomly from ten locations along the river using an Ekman grab sampler. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry revealed HM concentrations in the order of Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cd. All HMs exceeded their sediment quality guideline (SQG) thresholds except for Mn. Contamination was assessed using indices such as the contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), geo-accumulation index (I<sub>geo</sub>), and enrichment factor (EF). The CF values indicated “moderate to considerable” contamination for Zn, Ni, and Cd, while Cu and Pb showed “very high” contamination levels. The PLI results indicated severe sediment degradation in 20% of samples. The I<sub>geo</sub> analysis classified 60% of the samples as “heavily to extremely polluted” for Cd, Cu, and Pb. EF analysis suggested that anthropogenic sources contributed to elevated HM levels, including port activities and agricultural runoff. Ecological risk index (RI) analysis revealed moderate risk in 40% and considerable risk in 20% of sampling locations. Multivariate analyses suggested significant anthropogenic contributions to HM contamination, highlighting the need for further studies to assess the ecological impacts. |
| format | Article |
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| issn | 2673-4672 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pollutants |
| spelling | doaj-art-6fa3eee7afe34598934ebbd9a89562392025-08-20T01:49:01ZengMDPI AGPollutants2673-46722025-03-0151710.3390/pollutants5010007Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk in Urban River Sediments: A Case Study from Leyte, PhilippinesAbu Bakar Siddique0Abu Sayed Al Helal1Teofanes A. Patindol2Deejay M. Lumanao3Kleer Jeann G. Longatang4Md. Alinur Rahman5Lorene Paula A. Catalvas6Anabella B. Tulin7Molla Rahman Shaibur8Institute of Tropical Ecology and Environmental Management, Visayas State University, Baybay City 6521, PhilippinesInstitute of Tropical Ecology and Environmental Management, Visayas State University, Baybay City 6521, PhilippinesInstitute of Tropical Ecology and Environmental Management, Visayas State University, Baybay City 6521, PhilippinesDepartment of Soil Science, Visayas State University, Baybay City 6521, PhilippinesInstitute of Tropical Ecology and Environmental Management, Visayas State University, Baybay City 6521, PhilippinesIntegrated Science and Technology (ISAT), College of Science and Technology, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USADepartment of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Visayas State University, Baybay City 6521, PhilippinesDepartment of Soil Science, Visayas State University, Baybay City 6521, PhilippinesDepartment of Environmental Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, BangladeshThis study evaluated heavy metal (HM) contamination in sediments from the Malbasag River in the Ormoc City port, Leyte, Philippines. A total of thirty sediment samples were collected randomly from ten locations along the river using an Ekman grab sampler. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry revealed HM concentrations in the order of Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cd. All HMs exceeded their sediment quality guideline (SQG) thresholds except for Mn. Contamination was assessed using indices such as the contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), geo-accumulation index (I<sub>geo</sub>), and enrichment factor (EF). The CF values indicated “moderate to considerable” contamination for Zn, Ni, and Cd, while Cu and Pb showed “very high” contamination levels. The PLI results indicated severe sediment degradation in 20% of samples. The I<sub>geo</sub> analysis classified 60% of the samples as “heavily to extremely polluted” for Cd, Cu, and Pb. EF analysis suggested that anthropogenic sources contributed to elevated HM levels, including port activities and agricultural runoff. Ecological risk index (RI) analysis revealed moderate risk in 40% and considerable risk in 20% of sampling locations. Multivariate analyses suggested significant anthropogenic contributions to HM contamination, highlighting the need for further studies to assess the ecological impacts.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4672/5/1/7anthropogenic activitiesheavy metalsurban river sedimentpollution indicesecological riskmultivariate statistical methods |
| spellingShingle | Abu Bakar Siddique Abu Sayed Al Helal Teofanes A. Patindol Deejay M. Lumanao Kleer Jeann G. Longatang Md. Alinur Rahman Lorene Paula A. Catalvas Anabella B. Tulin Molla Rahman Shaibur Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk in Urban River Sediments: A Case Study from Leyte, Philippines Pollutants anthropogenic activities heavy metals urban river sediment pollution indices ecological risk multivariate statistical methods |
| title | Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk in Urban River Sediments: A Case Study from Leyte, Philippines |
| title_full | Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk in Urban River Sediments: A Case Study from Leyte, Philippines |
| title_fullStr | Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk in Urban River Sediments: A Case Study from Leyte, Philippines |
| title_full_unstemmed | Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk in Urban River Sediments: A Case Study from Leyte, Philippines |
| title_short | Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk in Urban River Sediments: A Case Study from Leyte, Philippines |
| title_sort | assessment of heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in urban river sediments a case study from leyte philippines |
| topic | anthropogenic activities heavy metals urban river sediment pollution indices ecological risk multivariate statistical methods |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4672/5/1/7 |
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