Pickering Emulsion-Based Gels with Halloysite as a Stabilizer: Formulation, Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Drug Release Studies

Lidocaine is an analgesic agent frequently incorporated in topical formulations intended for application in minor surgical procedures or relieving neuropathic pain associated with numerous conditions, including post-herpetic neuralgia or diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In this study, Pickering o/w e...

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Main Author: Anna Froelich
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-02-01
Series:Molecules
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/5/1087
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author Anna Froelich
author_facet Anna Froelich
author_sort Anna Froelich
collection DOAJ
description Lidocaine is an analgesic agent frequently incorporated in topical formulations intended for application in minor surgical procedures or relieving neuropathic pain associated with numerous conditions, including post-herpetic neuralgia or diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In this study, Pickering o/w emulsions with halloysite nanotubes as a stabilizing agent and lidocaine incorporated in the internal phase were formulated with the use of the Quality by Design (QbD) approach. The selected emulsions were transformed into semisolid gels with poloxamer 407 as a thickening agent, and investigated for rheological and textural properties, indicating the mechanical features of the obtained gels. Moreover, the obtained formulations were tested for lidocaine release with the use of vertical Franz diffusion cells in order to assess the relationship between the applied composition and potential clinical applicability of the analyzed gels. The obtained results indicate that the emulsion droplet diameter is affected mostly by the oil and halloysite contents. The yield stress points, hardness and cohesiveness values of the obtained gels increased with the oil content. The drug release rate seems to be affected mostly by the concentration of the active ingredient in the oil phase.
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spelling doaj-art-6f992c784f1f4c4f9010316e4b04d83e2025-08-20T02:52:45ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-02-01305108710.3390/molecules30051087Pickering Emulsion-Based Gels with Halloysite as a Stabilizer: Formulation, Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Drug Release StudiesAnna Froelich03D Printing Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 3 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznań, PolandLidocaine is an analgesic agent frequently incorporated in topical formulations intended for application in minor surgical procedures or relieving neuropathic pain associated with numerous conditions, including post-herpetic neuralgia or diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In this study, Pickering o/w emulsions with halloysite nanotubes as a stabilizing agent and lidocaine incorporated in the internal phase were formulated with the use of the Quality by Design (QbD) approach. The selected emulsions were transformed into semisolid gels with poloxamer 407 as a thickening agent, and investigated for rheological and textural properties, indicating the mechanical features of the obtained gels. Moreover, the obtained formulations were tested for lidocaine release with the use of vertical Franz diffusion cells in order to assess the relationship between the applied composition and potential clinical applicability of the analyzed gels. The obtained results indicate that the emulsion droplet diameter is affected mostly by the oil and halloysite contents. The yield stress points, hardness and cohesiveness values of the obtained gels increased with the oil content. The drug release rate seems to be affected mostly by the concentration of the active ingredient in the oil phase.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/5/1087Pickering emulsionhalloysitelidocainepoloxamernanotubesrheology
spellingShingle Anna Froelich
Pickering Emulsion-Based Gels with Halloysite as a Stabilizer: Formulation, Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Drug Release Studies
Molecules
Pickering emulsion
halloysite
lidocaine
poloxamer
nanotubes
rheology
title Pickering Emulsion-Based Gels with Halloysite as a Stabilizer: Formulation, Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Drug Release Studies
title_full Pickering Emulsion-Based Gels with Halloysite as a Stabilizer: Formulation, Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Drug Release Studies
title_fullStr Pickering Emulsion-Based Gels with Halloysite as a Stabilizer: Formulation, Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Drug Release Studies
title_full_unstemmed Pickering Emulsion-Based Gels with Halloysite as a Stabilizer: Formulation, Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Drug Release Studies
title_short Pickering Emulsion-Based Gels with Halloysite as a Stabilizer: Formulation, Mechanical Properties and In Vitro Drug Release Studies
title_sort pickering emulsion based gels with halloysite as a stabilizer formulation mechanical properties and in vitro drug release studies
topic Pickering emulsion
halloysite
lidocaine
poloxamer
nanotubes
rheology
url https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/5/1087
work_keys_str_mv AT annafroelich pickeringemulsionbasedgelswithhalloysiteasastabilizerformulationmechanicalpropertiesandinvitrodrugreleasestudies