Association of High Levels of Bullying and Cyberbullying with Study Time Management and Effort Self-Regulation in Adolescent Boys and Girls

This study examined the association between bullying and cyberbullying (both victims and perpetrators) and resource management strategies for learning in students aged 10 to 16. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1330 Spanish students (48.95% boys; mean age = 13.22 ± 1.75 years). Learning st...

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Main Authors: Jose Luis Solas-Martínez, Alba Rusillo-Magdaleno, Ramón Garrote-Jurado, Alberto Ruiz-Ariza
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-04-01
Series:Education Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/15/5/563
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author Jose Luis Solas-Martínez
Alba Rusillo-Magdaleno
Ramón Garrote-Jurado
Alberto Ruiz-Ariza
author_facet Jose Luis Solas-Martínez
Alba Rusillo-Magdaleno
Ramón Garrote-Jurado
Alberto Ruiz-Ariza
author_sort Jose Luis Solas-Martínez
collection DOAJ
description This study examined the association between bullying and cyberbullying (both victims and perpetrators) and resource management strategies for learning in students aged 10 to 16. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1330 Spanish students (48.95% boys; mean age = 13.22 ± 1.75 years). Learning strategies were assessed using the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), bullying levels with the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIP-Q), and cyberbullying with the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIP-Q). ANCOVA and binary logistic regression were used to analyze associations and exposure risk. Girls who were victims of bullying and cyberbullying showed significantly lower scores in study time management (−5.9%, <i>p</i> = 0.001 for bullying; −6.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.025 for cyberbullying) and effort self-regulation (−7.7%, <i>p</i> < 0.001; −8.3%, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Victimized girls were also up to 4.2 times more likely to struggle with effort self-regulation. Female aggressors exhibited up to 10.2% lower effort self-regulation, while male cyberbullies had 9.6% lower study time management compared to their peers and a 4.4 times greater risk of low effort self-regulation (<i>p</i> < 0.001). These findings emphasize the importance of designing targeted school interventions to strengthen self-regulation strategies, particularly for female victims and male cyberbullies, contributing to improved academic outcomes.
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spelling doaj-art-6f8e41fadd3149929853ccb4e9e3e8a22025-08-20T01:56:27ZengMDPI AGEducation Sciences2227-71022025-04-0115556310.3390/educsci15050563Association of High Levels of Bullying and Cyberbullying with Study Time Management and Effort Self-Regulation in Adolescent Boys and GirlsJose Luis Solas-Martínez0Alba Rusillo-Magdaleno1Ramón Garrote-Jurado2Alberto Ruiz-Ariza3Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, SpainDepartment of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, SpainDepartment of Educational Work, University of Borås, 503 32 Borås, SwedenDepartment of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaén, SpainThis study examined the association between bullying and cyberbullying (both victims and perpetrators) and resource management strategies for learning in students aged 10 to 16. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 1330 Spanish students (48.95% boys; mean age = 13.22 ± 1.75 years). Learning strategies were assessed using the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), bullying levels with the European Bullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (EBIP-Q), and cyberbullying with the European Cyberbullying Intervention Project Questionnaire (ECIP-Q). ANCOVA and binary logistic regression were used to analyze associations and exposure risk. Girls who were victims of bullying and cyberbullying showed significantly lower scores in study time management (−5.9%, <i>p</i> = 0.001 for bullying; −6.2%, <i>p</i> = 0.025 for cyberbullying) and effort self-regulation (−7.7%, <i>p</i> < 0.001; −8.3%, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Victimized girls were also up to 4.2 times more likely to struggle with effort self-regulation. Female aggressors exhibited up to 10.2% lower effort self-regulation, while male cyberbullies had 9.6% lower study time management compared to their peers and a 4.4 times greater risk of low effort self-regulation (<i>p</i> < 0.001). These findings emphasize the importance of designing targeted school interventions to strengthen self-regulation strategies, particularly for female victims and male cyberbullies, contributing to improved academic outcomes.https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/15/5/563academic effortadolescentsaggressorsbullyingstudy timevictims
spellingShingle Jose Luis Solas-Martínez
Alba Rusillo-Magdaleno
Ramón Garrote-Jurado
Alberto Ruiz-Ariza
Association of High Levels of Bullying and Cyberbullying with Study Time Management and Effort Self-Regulation in Adolescent Boys and Girls
Education Sciences
academic effort
adolescents
aggressors
bullying
study time
victims
title Association of High Levels of Bullying and Cyberbullying with Study Time Management and Effort Self-Regulation in Adolescent Boys and Girls
title_full Association of High Levels of Bullying and Cyberbullying with Study Time Management and Effort Self-Regulation in Adolescent Boys and Girls
title_fullStr Association of High Levels of Bullying and Cyberbullying with Study Time Management and Effort Self-Regulation in Adolescent Boys and Girls
title_full_unstemmed Association of High Levels of Bullying and Cyberbullying with Study Time Management and Effort Self-Regulation in Adolescent Boys and Girls
title_short Association of High Levels of Bullying and Cyberbullying with Study Time Management and Effort Self-Regulation in Adolescent Boys and Girls
title_sort association of high levels of bullying and cyberbullying with study time management and effort self regulation in adolescent boys and girls
topic academic effort
adolescents
aggressors
bullying
study time
victims
url https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7102/15/5/563
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