Effect of Lumber Quality Grade on the Mechanical Properties and Product Costs of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels
This study aimed to investigate the effects of wood species and lumber quality grades on the mechanical properties and costs of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels. Various combinations of lumber with different quality grades were utilized in the layers to identify the optimal configurations for pro...
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North Carolina State University
2025-03-01
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| Series: | BioResources |
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| Online Access: | https://ojs.bioresources.com/index.php/BRJ/article/view/24457 |
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| author | Mahmut M. Bayramoglu Aydın Demir Abdullah Uğur Birinci Hasan Ozturk Okan İlhan Zeki Candan Cenk Demirkir |
| author_facet | Mahmut M. Bayramoglu Aydın Demir Abdullah Uğur Birinci Hasan Ozturk Okan İlhan Zeki Candan Cenk Demirkir |
| author_sort | Mahmut M. Bayramoglu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study aimed to investigate the effects of wood species and lumber quality grades on the mechanical properties and costs of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels. Various combinations of lumber with different quality grades were utilized in the layers to identify the optimal configurations for producing CLT panels with high mechanical performance and low costs. In the study, spruce and Scots pine lumber of three different quality grades (Grades 1, 2, and 3), classified according to TS 1265 standards, were used. Some mechanical properties of the CLT panels produced from lumber of varying quality grades were determined following the TS EN 408 standard. Additionally, cost analyses of the CLT panels were conducted based on the calculation of raw material costs. The results show that while higher-grade lumber improves mechanical performance, lower-grade combinations still can meet structural needs at lower costs. Mixed-grade configurations offer a balance between strength and affordability. These findings can help CLT producers optimize material selection and reduce costs while maintaining structural integrity. Using lower-grade lumber can address shortages and reduce reliance on expensive timber. Policymakers can promote sustainable forestry and lower production costs, making mass timber construction more viable and environmentally sustainable. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6f3aab54ed604f25b692d840870d5ce5 |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 1930-2126 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | North Carolina State University |
| record_format | Article |
| series | BioResources |
| spelling | doaj-art-6f3aab54ed604f25b692d840870d5ce52025-08-20T02:12:45ZengNorth Carolina State UniversityBioResources1930-21262025-03-01202351935332749Effect of Lumber Quality Grade on the Mechanical Properties and Product Costs of Cross-Laminated Timber PanelsMahmut M. Bayramoglu0https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6359-8351Aydın Demir1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4060-2578Abdullah Uğur Birinci2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3273-3615Hasan Ozturk3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5422-7556Okan İlhan4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8882-6461Zeki Candan5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4937-7904Cenk Demirkir6https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2503-8470Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Engineering, 61080, Trabzon, Türkiye; Trabzon Technology Development Region Manager, HC Panel Forest Products Consulting Services Industry and Trade Limited Company, 61081, Trabzon, TürkiyeKaradeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, 61080, Trabzon, TürkiyeKaradeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, 61080, Trabzon, TürkiyeTrabzon Technology Development Region Manager, HC Panel Forest Products Consulting Services Industry and Trade Limited Company, 61081, Trabzon, Türkiye; Karadeniz Technical University, Arsin Vocational School, Department of Forestry, 61900, Trabzon, TürkiyeKaradeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, 61080, Trabzon, Türkiyeİstanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industrial Engineering, 34473, İstanbul, Türkiye; Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group & BioNanoTeam, İstanbul, TürkiyeTrabzon Technology Development Region Manager, HC Panel Forest Products Consulting Services Industry and Trade Limited Company, 61081, Trabzon, Türkiye; Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Forest Industry Engineering, 61080, Trabzon, TürkiyeThis study aimed to investigate the effects of wood species and lumber quality grades on the mechanical properties and costs of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels. Various combinations of lumber with different quality grades were utilized in the layers to identify the optimal configurations for producing CLT panels with high mechanical performance and low costs. In the study, spruce and Scots pine lumber of three different quality grades (Grades 1, 2, and 3), classified according to TS 1265 standards, were used. Some mechanical properties of the CLT panels produced from lumber of varying quality grades were determined following the TS EN 408 standard. Additionally, cost analyses of the CLT panels were conducted based on the calculation of raw material costs. The results show that while higher-grade lumber improves mechanical performance, lower-grade combinations still can meet structural needs at lower costs. Mixed-grade configurations offer a balance between strength and affordability. These findings can help CLT producers optimize material selection and reduce costs while maintaining structural integrity. Using lower-grade lumber can address shortages and reduce reliance on expensive timber. Policymakers can promote sustainable forestry and lower production costs, making mass timber construction more viable and environmentally sustainable.https://ojs.bioresources.com/index.php/BRJ/article/view/24457cross-laminated timber (clt) panelsengineered wood compositeslumber quality grademechanical propertiescost analysisscots pinesprucesustainability |
| spellingShingle | Mahmut M. Bayramoglu Aydın Demir Abdullah Uğur Birinci Hasan Ozturk Okan İlhan Zeki Candan Cenk Demirkir Effect of Lumber Quality Grade on the Mechanical Properties and Product Costs of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels BioResources cross-laminated timber (clt) panels engineered wood composites lumber quality grade mechanical properties cost analysis scots pine spruce sustainability |
| title | Effect of Lumber Quality Grade on the Mechanical Properties and Product Costs of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels |
| title_full | Effect of Lumber Quality Grade on the Mechanical Properties and Product Costs of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Lumber Quality Grade on the Mechanical Properties and Product Costs of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Lumber Quality Grade on the Mechanical Properties and Product Costs of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels |
| title_short | Effect of Lumber Quality Grade on the Mechanical Properties and Product Costs of Cross-Laminated Timber Panels |
| title_sort | effect of lumber quality grade on the mechanical properties and product costs of cross laminated timber panels |
| topic | cross-laminated timber (clt) panels engineered wood composites lumber quality grade mechanical properties cost analysis scots pine spruce sustainability |
| url | https://ojs.bioresources.com/index.php/BRJ/article/view/24457 |
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