Optimization of the production of grade A liquid smoke from Patchouli solid residue using a distillation-adsorption process
Patchouli cultivation in Lhokseumawe, Aceh Province, produces a significant amount of biomass, with approximately 96%–98.5% of the raw material ending up as solid residue after the oil distillation process. This waste is often discarded or burned, leading to environmental problems. However, this res...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
AIMS Press
2025-01-01
|
| Series: | AIMS Environmental Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/environsci.2025005 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1850256864734871552 |
|---|---|
| author | Zainuddin Ginting Adi Setiawan Khairul Anshar Ishak Ibrahin Jalaluddin Indri Riski Hasanah Fitriyaningsih Zetta Fazira |
| author_facet | Zainuddin Ginting Adi Setiawan Khairul Anshar Ishak Ibrahin Jalaluddin Indri Riski Hasanah Fitriyaningsih Zetta Fazira |
| author_sort | Zainuddin Ginting |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Patchouli cultivation in Lhokseumawe, Aceh Province, produces a significant amount of biomass, with approximately 96%–98.5% of the raw material ending up as solid residue after the oil distillation process. This waste is often discarded or burned, leading to environmental problems. However, this residue is rich in compounds derived from the breakdown of lignocellulose and can be pyrolyzed to produce liquid smoke. Liquid smoke contains valuable phenols, acids, and carbonyls but may also generate harmful byproducts such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aimed to optimize the production of grade A liquid smoke through purification using a distillation and adsorption process. Pyrolysis of patchouli residue was conducted at 400 ℃ to produce liquid smoke. Furthermore, the raw liquid smoke was purified by distillation and adsorption. The distillation process was conducted at a temperature range (X1) of 150–200 ℃ for 30–90 min (X2). The weight of activated biochar used during the adsorption process varied between 5 and 15 g (X3). The experimental design was carried out using Design Expert version 13. Research findings indicate that the optimal condition for liquid smoke was achieved with the equation Y = 1.26 + 0.53X1 + 0.0319X2 + 0.8023X3 – (4.91X1)2 – (0.0015X2)2 – (0.2147X3)2 – 0. 0644 X1X2 – 0.0327X1X3 + 2.15X2X3. The best results were obtained at a distillation temperature of 175 ℃, a duration of 90 minutes, and using 13.4 g of activated carbon, which resulted in a high total phenol yield of 8.06%. The produced liquid smoke was classified as grade A, with a yield of 74.33%, a density of 0.9928 g/m³, a viscosity of 1.6203 cP, and a pH of 3.32. This research highlights an eco-friendly solution for valorizing patchouli waste, transforming it into a product with a wide range of applications as a food preservative, flavor enhancer, and medicinal agent. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6f25ecc2ef33492c814b4b5a2330bf9a |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2372-0352 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | AIMS Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | AIMS Environmental Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-6f25ecc2ef33492c814b4b5a2330bf9a2025-08-20T01:56:32ZengAIMS PressAIMS Environmental Science2372-03522025-01-0112110611910.3934/environsci.2025005Optimization of the production of grade A liquid smoke from Patchouli solid residue using a distillation-adsorption processZainuddin Ginting0Adi Setiawan1Khairul Anshar2Ishak Ibrahin3Jalaluddin4Indri Riski Hasanah5Fitriyaningsih6Zetta Fazira7Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Bukit Indah, 24352, Lhokseumawe, IndonesiaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh Jalan Batam, Bukit Indah, 24352, Lhokseumawe, IndonesiaDepartment of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Bukit Indah, 24352, Lhokseumawe, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Bukit Indah, 24352, Lhokseumawe, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Bukit Indah, 24352, Lhokseumawe, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Bukit Indah, 24352, Lhokseumawe, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malikussaleh, Bukit Indah, 24352, Lhokseumawe, IndonesiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Buket Rata, 24301, Lhokseumawe, IndonesiaPatchouli cultivation in Lhokseumawe, Aceh Province, produces a significant amount of biomass, with approximately 96%–98.5% of the raw material ending up as solid residue after the oil distillation process. This waste is often discarded or burned, leading to environmental problems. However, this residue is rich in compounds derived from the breakdown of lignocellulose and can be pyrolyzed to produce liquid smoke. Liquid smoke contains valuable phenols, acids, and carbonyls but may also generate harmful byproducts such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This study aimed to optimize the production of grade A liquid smoke through purification using a distillation and adsorption process. Pyrolysis of patchouli residue was conducted at 400 ℃ to produce liquid smoke. Furthermore, the raw liquid smoke was purified by distillation and adsorption. The distillation process was conducted at a temperature range (X1) of 150–200 ℃ for 30–90 min (X2). The weight of activated biochar used during the adsorption process varied between 5 and 15 g (X3). The experimental design was carried out using Design Expert version 13. Research findings indicate that the optimal condition for liquid smoke was achieved with the equation Y = 1.26 + 0.53X1 + 0.0319X2 + 0.8023X3 – (4.91X1)2 – (0.0015X2)2 – (0.2147X3)2 – 0. 0644 X1X2 – 0.0327X1X3 + 2.15X2X3. The best results were obtained at a distillation temperature of 175 ℃, a duration of 90 minutes, and using 13.4 g of activated carbon, which resulted in a high total phenol yield of 8.06%. The produced liquid smoke was classified as grade A, with a yield of 74.33%, a density of 0.9928 g/m³, a viscosity of 1.6203 cP, and a pH of 3.32. This research highlights an eco-friendly solution for valorizing patchouli waste, transforming it into a product with a wide range of applications as a food preservative, flavor enhancer, and medicinal agent.https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/environsci.2025005patchoulisolid residueliquid smokepyrolysisdistillationadsorption |
| spellingShingle | Zainuddin Ginting Adi Setiawan Khairul Anshar Ishak Ibrahin Jalaluddin Indri Riski Hasanah Fitriyaningsih Zetta Fazira Optimization of the production of grade A liquid smoke from Patchouli solid residue using a distillation-adsorption process AIMS Environmental Science patchouli solid residue liquid smoke pyrolysis distillation adsorption |
| title | Optimization of the production of grade A liquid smoke from Patchouli solid residue using a distillation-adsorption process |
| title_full | Optimization of the production of grade A liquid smoke from Patchouli solid residue using a distillation-adsorption process |
| title_fullStr | Optimization of the production of grade A liquid smoke from Patchouli solid residue using a distillation-adsorption process |
| title_full_unstemmed | Optimization of the production of grade A liquid smoke from Patchouli solid residue using a distillation-adsorption process |
| title_short | Optimization of the production of grade A liquid smoke from Patchouli solid residue using a distillation-adsorption process |
| title_sort | optimization of the production of grade a liquid smoke from patchouli solid residue using a distillation adsorption process |
| topic | patchouli solid residue liquid smoke pyrolysis distillation adsorption |
| url | https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/environsci.2025005 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zainuddinginting optimizationoftheproductionofgradealiquidsmokefrompatchoulisolidresidueusingadistillationadsorptionprocess AT adisetiawan optimizationoftheproductionofgradealiquidsmokefrompatchoulisolidresidueusingadistillationadsorptionprocess AT khairulanshar optimizationoftheproductionofgradealiquidsmokefrompatchoulisolidresidueusingadistillationadsorptionprocess AT ishakibrahin optimizationoftheproductionofgradealiquidsmokefrompatchoulisolidresidueusingadistillationadsorptionprocess AT jalaluddin optimizationoftheproductionofgradealiquidsmokefrompatchoulisolidresidueusingadistillationadsorptionprocess AT indririskihasanah optimizationoftheproductionofgradealiquidsmokefrompatchoulisolidresidueusingadistillationadsorptionprocess AT fitriyaningsih optimizationoftheproductionofgradealiquidsmokefrompatchoulisolidresidueusingadistillationadsorptionprocess AT zettafazira optimizationoftheproductionofgradealiquidsmokefrompatchoulisolidresidueusingadistillationadsorptionprocess |