Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrostatic Adsorption of Biomolecules
Electrostatic adsorption plays a crucial role in nanoparticle-based drug delivery, enabling the targeted and reversible loading of biomolecules onto nanoparticles. This review explores the fundamental mechanisms governing nanoparticle–biomolecule interactions, with a focus on electrostatics, van der...
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MDPI AG
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3206 |
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| author | Marks Gorohovs Yuri Dekhtyar |
| author_facet | Marks Gorohovs Yuri Dekhtyar |
| author_sort | Marks Gorohovs |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Electrostatic adsorption plays a crucial role in nanoparticle-based drug delivery, enabling the targeted and reversible loading of biomolecules onto nanoparticles. This review explores the fundamental mechanisms governing nanoparticle–biomolecule interactions, with a focus on electrostatics, van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and protein corona formation. Various functionalization strategies—including covalent modification, polymer coatings, and layer-by-layer assembly—have been employed to enhance electrostatic binding; however, each presents trade-offs in terms of stability, complexity, and specificity. Emerging irradiation-based techniques offer potential for direct modulation of surface charge without the addition of chemical groups, yet they remain underexplored. Accurate characterization of biomolecule adsorption is equally critical; however, the limitations of individual techniques also pose challenges to this endeavor. Spectroscopic, microscopic, and electrokinetic methods each contribute unique insights but require integration for a comprehensive understanding. Overall, a multimodal approach to both functionalization and characterization is essential for advancing nanoparticle systems toward clinical drug delivery applications. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6ecdfb9ca1ca41f6b2ba28cd315ab706 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1420-3049 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Molecules |
| spelling | doaj-art-6ecdfb9ca1ca41f6b2ba28cd315ab7062025-08-20T04:00:49ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492025-07-013015320610.3390/molecules30153206Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrostatic Adsorption of BiomoleculesMarks Gorohovs0Yuri Dekhtyar1Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Institute, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas Street 6B, LV-1048 Riga, LatviaMechanical and Biomedical Engineering Institute, Riga Technical University, Kipsalas Street 6B, LV-1048 Riga, LatviaElectrostatic adsorption plays a crucial role in nanoparticle-based drug delivery, enabling the targeted and reversible loading of biomolecules onto nanoparticles. This review explores the fundamental mechanisms governing nanoparticle–biomolecule interactions, with a focus on electrostatics, van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and protein corona formation. Various functionalization strategies—including covalent modification, polymer coatings, and layer-by-layer assembly—have been employed to enhance electrostatic binding; however, each presents trade-offs in terms of stability, complexity, and specificity. Emerging irradiation-based techniques offer potential for direct modulation of surface charge without the addition of chemical groups, yet they remain underexplored. Accurate characterization of biomolecule adsorption is equally critical; however, the limitations of individual techniques also pose challenges to this endeavor. Spectroscopic, microscopic, and electrokinetic methods each contribute unique insights but require integration for a comprehensive understanding. Overall, a multimodal approach to both functionalization and characterization is essential for advancing nanoparticle systems toward clinical drug delivery applications.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3206nanoparticlesbiomoleculesdrugsdrug–nanoparticle conjugatesadsorption processesproteins |
| spellingShingle | Marks Gorohovs Yuri Dekhtyar Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrostatic Adsorption of Biomolecules Molecules nanoparticles biomolecules drugs drug–nanoparticle conjugates adsorption processes proteins |
| title | Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrostatic Adsorption of Biomolecules |
| title_full | Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrostatic Adsorption of Biomolecules |
| title_fullStr | Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrostatic Adsorption of Biomolecules |
| title_full_unstemmed | Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrostatic Adsorption of Biomolecules |
| title_short | Surface Functionalization of Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrostatic Adsorption of Biomolecules |
| title_sort | surface functionalization of nanoparticles for enhanced electrostatic adsorption of biomolecules |
| topic | nanoparticles biomolecules drugs drug–nanoparticle conjugates adsorption processes proteins |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/30/15/3206 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT marksgorohovs surfacefunctionalizationofnanoparticlesforenhancedelectrostaticadsorptionofbiomolecules AT yuridekhtyar surfacefunctionalizationofnanoparticlesforenhancedelectrostaticadsorptionofbiomolecules |