Automating IoT Data Privacy Compliance by Integrating Knowledge Graphs With Large Language Models

Regulatory compliance is mandatory for Internet of Things (IoT) manufacturers, particularly under stringent frameworks such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which governs the handling of personal data. We introduce a novel framework for automating IoT compliance verification by inte...

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Main Authors: Kelvin U. Echenim, Karuna P. Joshi
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: IEEE 2025-01-01
Series:IEEE Access
Subjects:
Online Access:https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11072168/
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author Kelvin U. Echenim
Karuna P. Joshi
author_facet Kelvin U. Echenim
Karuna P. Joshi
author_sort Kelvin U. Echenim
collection DOAJ
description Regulatory compliance is mandatory for Internet of Things (IoT) manufacturers, particularly under stringent frameworks such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which governs the handling of personal data. We introduce a novel framework for automating IoT compliance verification by integrating a Large Language Model (LLM) with a domain-specific Knowledge Graph (KG). The framework achieves two primary objectives: 1) leveraging the LLM to interpret natural-language compliance queries, and 2) employing a KG populated with synthetic GDPR scenarios to provide structured, up-to-date regulatory guidance, modeling obligations, permissions, and prohibitions for both deontic (normative) and non-deontic (factual) queries, thus mitigating biases and hallucinations inherent in language models. Evaluated on 50 representative GDPR compliance queries, our approach achieves high semantic alignment (mean BERTScore F1 of 0.89), with expert reviewers rating approximately 84% of generated compliance advice as fully or mostly correct. This work offers IoT manufacturers a scalable, automated solution for data privacy compliance.
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spelling doaj-art-6e4966b153f144c3a6b322e1eb8bcabc2025-08-20T03:50:31ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-011311843811845110.1109/ACCESS.2025.358627811072168Automating IoT Data Privacy Compliance by Integrating Knowledge Graphs With Large Language ModelsKelvin U. Echenim0https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8930-2612Karuna P. Joshi1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6354-1686Department of Information Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USADepartment of Information Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USARegulatory compliance is mandatory for Internet of Things (IoT) manufacturers, particularly under stringent frameworks such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which governs the handling of personal data. We introduce a novel framework for automating IoT compliance verification by integrating a Large Language Model (LLM) with a domain-specific Knowledge Graph (KG). The framework achieves two primary objectives: 1) leveraging the LLM to interpret natural-language compliance queries, and 2) employing a KG populated with synthetic GDPR scenarios to provide structured, up-to-date regulatory guidance, modeling obligations, permissions, and prohibitions for both deontic (normative) and non-deontic (factual) queries, thus mitigating biases and hallucinations inherent in language models. Evaluated on 50 representative GDPR compliance queries, our approach achieves high semantic alignment (mean BERTScore F1 of 0.89), with expert reviewers rating approximately 84% of generated compliance advice as fully or mostly correct. This work offers IoT manufacturers a scalable, automated solution for data privacy compliance.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11072168/Data privacy complianceIoTknowledge graphslarge language modelsregulatory compliance automationsemantic interoperability
spellingShingle Kelvin U. Echenim
Karuna P. Joshi
Automating IoT Data Privacy Compliance by Integrating Knowledge Graphs With Large Language Models
IEEE Access
Data privacy compliance
IoT
knowledge graphs
large language models
regulatory compliance automation
semantic interoperability
title Automating IoT Data Privacy Compliance by Integrating Knowledge Graphs With Large Language Models
title_full Automating IoT Data Privacy Compliance by Integrating Knowledge Graphs With Large Language Models
title_fullStr Automating IoT Data Privacy Compliance by Integrating Knowledge Graphs With Large Language Models
title_full_unstemmed Automating IoT Data Privacy Compliance by Integrating Knowledge Graphs With Large Language Models
title_short Automating IoT Data Privacy Compliance by Integrating Knowledge Graphs With Large Language Models
title_sort automating iot data privacy compliance by integrating knowledge graphs with large language models
topic Data privacy compliance
IoT
knowledge graphs
large language models
regulatory compliance automation
semantic interoperability
url https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11072168/
work_keys_str_mv AT kelvinuechenim automatingiotdataprivacycompliancebyintegratingknowledgegraphswithlargelanguagemodels
AT karunapjoshi automatingiotdataprivacycompliancebyintegratingknowledgegraphswithlargelanguagemodels