A comprehensive review of tree cover mapping using satellite sensor data

Abstract Trees serve manifold ecosystem functions including climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, landscape restoration etc. yet are facing threats globally due to human intervention. As a result, effective conservation initiatives require quantifying both present and past extents of...

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Main Authors: Md. Shamim Reza Saimun, M. Mahmudur Rahman
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Springer 2025-08-01
Series:Discover Geoscience
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-025-00201-x
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author Md. Shamim Reza Saimun
M. Mahmudur Rahman
author_facet Md. Shamim Reza Saimun
M. Mahmudur Rahman
author_sort Md. Shamim Reza Saimun
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Trees serve manifold ecosystem functions including climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, landscape restoration etc. yet are facing threats globally due to human intervention. As a result, effective conservation initiatives require quantifying both present and past extents of the tree cover. Remote sensing technologies coupled with machine learning techniques appear to be effective in mapping and monitoring tree cover for the past few decades and offering advantages over traditional approaches. Despite extensive research on vegetation, mangroves, forest health, and urban forests, a comprehensive review focusing solely on remote sensing’s role in tree cover mapping is lacking. This review aims to fill that gap by providing an overview of the studies that mapped tree cover using remote sensing, and discusses spatial context, satellite sensors, classification approaches utilized for mapping tree cover. Literature search using Google Scholar showed that such studies are prevalent in every continent to major climatic domain. From coarse to high resolution satellite data (e.g., Landsat, Sentinel, MODIS, Worldview, ALOS PALSAR etc.) are used independently or with an integration depending on the purpose, availability, and economical feasibility. While Landsat has gained more popularity due to its historical record and free availability, it faces limitations in identifying small fragments of tree cover. A wide range of tree cover mapping methodologies are available, and can be classified into pixel-based or object-based to supervised or unsupervised classification approaches which include machine learning techniques, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Nearest Neighbour (NN), Maximum Likelihood (ML), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Ensemble etc. However, challenges exist in mapping tree cover using remote sensing. Future research should focus on improving classification performance by leveraging multi-source, high-resolution, multi-temporal, and multi-sensor data, embracing the evolving capabilities of remote sensing technologies along with artificial intelligence to enhance accuracy and ensure reliability in tree cover mapping.
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spelling doaj-art-6e46fdfa46a5455795a5657253e270912025-08-20T03:42:37ZengSpringerDiscover Geoscience2948-15892025-08-013112310.1007/s44288-025-00201-xA comprehensive review of tree cover mapping using satellite sensor dataMd. Shamim Reza Saimun0M. Mahmudur Rahman1Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Mineral Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and TechnologyBangladesh Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization (SPARRSO)Abstract Trees serve manifold ecosystem functions including climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, landscape restoration etc. yet are facing threats globally due to human intervention. As a result, effective conservation initiatives require quantifying both present and past extents of the tree cover. Remote sensing technologies coupled with machine learning techniques appear to be effective in mapping and monitoring tree cover for the past few decades and offering advantages over traditional approaches. Despite extensive research on vegetation, mangroves, forest health, and urban forests, a comprehensive review focusing solely on remote sensing’s role in tree cover mapping is lacking. This review aims to fill that gap by providing an overview of the studies that mapped tree cover using remote sensing, and discusses spatial context, satellite sensors, classification approaches utilized for mapping tree cover. Literature search using Google Scholar showed that such studies are prevalent in every continent to major climatic domain. From coarse to high resolution satellite data (e.g., Landsat, Sentinel, MODIS, Worldview, ALOS PALSAR etc.) are used independently or with an integration depending on the purpose, availability, and economical feasibility. While Landsat has gained more popularity due to its historical record and free availability, it faces limitations in identifying small fragments of tree cover. A wide range of tree cover mapping methodologies are available, and can be classified into pixel-based or object-based to supervised or unsupervised classification approaches which include machine learning techniques, such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Decision Tree (DT), Nearest Neighbour (NN), Maximum Likelihood (ML), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Ensemble etc. However, challenges exist in mapping tree cover using remote sensing. Future research should focus on improving classification performance by leveraging multi-source, high-resolution, multi-temporal, and multi-sensor data, embracing the evolving capabilities of remote sensing technologies along with artificial intelligence to enhance accuracy and ensure reliability in tree cover mapping.https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-025-00201-xTree cover mappingSatellite sensorRemote sensingClassification
spellingShingle Md. Shamim Reza Saimun
M. Mahmudur Rahman
A comprehensive review of tree cover mapping using satellite sensor data
Discover Geoscience
Tree cover mapping
Satellite sensor
Remote sensing
Classification
title A comprehensive review of tree cover mapping using satellite sensor data
title_full A comprehensive review of tree cover mapping using satellite sensor data
title_fullStr A comprehensive review of tree cover mapping using satellite sensor data
title_full_unstemmed A comprehensive review of tree cover mapping using satellite sensor data
title_short A comprehensive review of tree cover mapping using satellite sensor data
title_sort comprehensive review of tree cover mapping using satellite sensor data
topic Tree cover mapping
Satellite sensor
Remote sensing
Classification
url https://doi.org/10.1007/s44288-025-00201-x
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