Anatomical investigation of elongated styloid processes (Eagle syndrome) with micro-CT analysis and clinical review
Introduction: Eagle syndrome is a rare disease that causes elongation (>30 mm) of the temporal styloid process (SP) through osteogenesis (Type I) or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament (SHL) (Type II). Eagle syndrome implicates the styloid apparatus and can cause difficulty with swallowing, p...
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Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | Translational Research in Anatomy |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X25000378 |
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| author | Joseph X. Anders William Srinivasan Maggie M. Minett Susan P. Bare Mohammed P. Akhter Ethan L. Snow |
| author_facet | Joseph X. Anders William Srinivasan Maggie M. Minett Susan P. Bare Mohammed P. Akhter Ethan L. Snow |
| author_sort | Joseph X. Anders |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Introduction: Eagle syndrome is a rare disease that causes elongation (>30 mm) of the temporal styloid process (SP) through osteogenesis (Type I) or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament (SHL) (Type II). Eagle syndrome implicates the styloid apparatus and can cause difficulty with swallowing, pain with neck movement, dissection of the internal carotid artery, and stroke. Reports investigating the Eagle syndrome gross anatomy and SP microstructure are scarce. This study seeks to investigate a case of Eagle syndrome SPs in a human cadaver with gross and micro-CT analysis and discuss its clinical significance. Methods: The case was discovered during routine academic dissection of an adult male human cadaver. The styloid apparatus was examined bilaterally for any non-typical morphologies. The SPs were stripped of extraneous tissue and photographed. Linear and angular dimensions of the SPs were measured, and micro-CT analysis was performed on a section of the right SP. A comprehensive review of Eagle syndrome etiology, epidemiology, symptomology, diagnostic parameters, subtype descriptions, and treatment was compiled from current literature as a basis for clinical discussion. Results: The long axes of the right and left SPs measured 41.4 mm and 33.0 mm, respectively, and the proximal, middle, and distal SP diameters averaged 4.2 mm, 3.5 mm, and 1.7 mm, respectively. Both SPs exhibited a mid-shaft tubercle, after which they decreased diameter by over 25% within 2 mm distance, increased angle of descent by more than 20.0° in the sagittal plane and exhibited noticeably different surface characteristics. Micro-CT analysis revealed relatively consistent trabeculae and cortical structure throughout the SP. Conclusions: Clinical understanding of SP hyperplasia vs. SHL metaplasia as it applies to Eagle syndrome etiology and subsequent implications to the styloid apparatus is important for Eagle syndrome diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes. As Eagle syndrome can present with broad symptomology, this report may benefit primary care physicians, dentists, neurologists, radiologists, otorhinolaryngologists, and other medical professionals with information that can be used to improve diagnostic testing and treatment approaches in patients with Eagle syndrome. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6dd28adeadc74cc7b63424f6f697a1db |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2214-854X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-09-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Translational Research in Anatomy |
| spelling | doaj-art-6dd28adeadc74cc7b63424f6f697a1db2025-08-21T04:16:57ZengElsevierTranslational Research in Anatomy2214-854X2025-09-014010041810.1016/j.tria.2025.100418Anatomical investigation of elongated styloid processes (Eagle syndrome) with micro-CT analysis and clinical reviewJoseph X. Anders0William Srinivasan1Maggie M. Minett2Susan P. Bare3Mohammed P. Akhter4Ethan L. Snow5South Dakota State University, College of Natural Sciences, Brookings, SD, 57007, USAUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center, College of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68198, USASouth Dakota State University, College of Natural Sciences, Brookings, SD, 57007, USACreighton University, Osteoporosis Research Center, Omaha, NE, 68122, USACreighton University, Osteoporosis Research Center, Omaha, NE, 68122, USASouth Dakota State University, College of Natural Sciences, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Corresponding author. South Dakota State University, College of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology & Microbiology, 1451 Stadium Road, Box 2104A, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.Introduction: Eagle syndrome is a rare disease that causes elongation (>30 mm) of the temporal styloid process (SP) through osteogenesis (Type I) or ossification of the stylohyoid ligament (SHL) (Type II). Eagle syndrome implicates the styloid apparatus and can cause difficulty with swallowing, pain with neck movement, dissection of the internal carotid artery, and stroke. Reports investigating the Eagle syndrome gross anatomy and SP microstructure are scarce. This study seeks to investigate a case of Eagle syndrome SPs in a human cadaver with gross and micro-CT analysis and discuss its clinical significance. Methods: The case was discovered during routine academic dissection of an adult male human cadaver. The styloid apparatus was examined bilaterally for any non-typical morphologies. The SPs were stripped of extraneous tissue and photographed. Linear and angular dimensions of the SPs were measured, and micro-CT analysis was performed on a section of the right SP. A comprehensive review of Eagle syndrome etiology, epidemiology, symptomology, diagnostic parameters, subtype descriptions, and treatment was compiled from current literature as a basis for clinical discussion. Results: The long axes of the right and left SPs measured 41.4 mm and 33.0 mm, respectively, and the proximal, middle, and distal SP diameters averaged 4.2 mm, 3.5 mm, and 1.7 mm, respectively. Both SPs exhibited a mid-shaft tubercle, after which they decreased diameter by over 25% within 2 mm distance, increased angle of descent by more than 20.0° in the sagittal plane and exhibited noticeably different surface characteristics. Micro-CT analysis revealed relatively consistent trabeculae and cortical structure throughout the SP. Conclusions: Clinical understanding of SP hyperplasia vs. SHL metaplasia as it applies to Eagle syndrome etiology and subsequent implications to the styloid apparatus is important for Eagle syndrome diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes. As Eagle syndrome can present with broad symptomology, this report may benefit primary care physicians, dentists, neurologists, radiologists, otorhinolaryngologists, and other medical professionals with information that can be used to improve diagnostic testing and treatment approaches in patients with Eagle syndrome.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X25000378Eagle syndromeOssificationElongated temporal styloid processStyloid apparatusStylohyoid ligamentMicro-computed tomography |
| spellingShingle | Joseph X. Anders William Srinivasan Maggie M. Minett Susan P. Bare Mohammed P. Akhter Ethan L. Snow Anatomical investigation of elongated styloid processes (Eagle syndrome) with micro-CT analysis and clinical review Translational Research in Anatomy Eagle syndrome Ossification Elongated temporal styloid process Styloid apparatus Stylohyoid ligament Micro-computed tomography |
| title | Anatomical investigation of elongated styloid processes (Eagle syndrome) with micro-CT analysis and clinical review |
| title_full | Anatomical investigation of elongated styloid processes (Eagle syndrome) with micro-CT analysis and clinical review |
| title_fullStr | Anatomical investigation of elongated styloid processes (Eagle syndrome) with micro-CT analysis and clinical review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Anatomical investigation of elongated styloid processes (Eagle syndrome) with micro-CT analysis and clinical review |
| title_short | Anatomical investigation of elongated styloid processes (Eagle syndrome) with micro-CT analysis and clinical review |
| title_sort | anatomical investigation of elongated styloid processes eagle syndrome with micro ct analysis and clinical review |
| topic | Eagle syndrome Ossification Elongated temporal styloid process Styloid apparatus Stylohyoid ligament Micro-computed tomography |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214854X25000378 |
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