Socio-medical factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on the Kenyan coast.
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of conditions with their onset during the early developmental period and include conditions such as autism and intellectual disability. Occurrence of NDDs is thought to be determined by both genetic and environmental factors, but data on the role of en...
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| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2025-01-01
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| Series: | PLOS Global Public Health |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003806 |
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| author | Patricia Kipkemoi Jeanne E Savage Joseph Gona Kenneth Rimba Martha Kombe Paul Mwangi Collins Kipkoech Eunice Chepkemoi Alfred Ngombo Beatrice Mkubwa Constance Rehema Symon M Kariuki Danielle Posthuma Kirsten A Donald Elise Robinson Amina Abubakar Charles R Newton |
| author_facet | Patricia Kipkemoi Jeanne E Savage Joseph Gona Kenneth Rimba Martha Kombe Paul Mwangi Collins Kipkoech Eunice Chepkemoi Alfred Ngombo Beatrice Mkubwa Constance Rehema Symon M Kariuki Danielle Posthuma Kirsten A Donald Elise Robinson Amina Abubakar Charles R Newton |
| author_sort | Patricia Kipkemoi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of conditions with their onset during the early developmental period and include conditions such as autism and intellectual disability. Occurrence of NDDs is thought to be determined by both genetic and environmental factors, but data on the role of environmental factors for NDD in Africa is limited. This study investigates environmental influences on NDDs in children from Kenya. This case-control study compared children with NDDs and typically developing children from two studies on the Kenyan coast. We included 172 study participants from the Kilifi Autism study and 151 from the NeuroDev study who had a diagnosis of at least one NDD and 112 and 73 with no NDD diagnosis from each study, respectively. Potential risk factors were identified using unadjusted univariable analysis and adjusted multivariable logistic regression. Univariable analysis in the Kilifi Autism study sample revealed hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy conferred the largest odds ratio (OR) 10.52 [95%CI: 4.04, 27.41] for NDDs, followed by medical complications during pregnancy (gestational hypertension & diabetes, eclampsia, maternal bleeding) (OR=3.17 [95%CI: 1.61, 6.23]). In the NeuroDev study sample, labour and birth complications (OR=7.30 [95%CI 2.17, 24.61]), neonatal jaundice (OR=5.49 [95%CI 1.61,18.72]) and infection during pregnancy (OR= 5.31 [95%CI 1.56, 18.11]) conferred the largest risk associated with NDDs. In the adjusted analysis, seizures before age 3 years in the Kilifi Autism study and labour and birth complications in the NeuroDev study conferred the largest increased risk. Higher parity, the child being older and delivery at home were associated with a reduced risk for NDDs. Recognition of important risk factors such as labour and birth complications could guide preventative interventions, developmental screening of at-risk children and monitoring progress of these children. Further studies examining the aetiology of NDDs in population-based samples, including investigating the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, are needed. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6c80721e8d434fa8a9597e90d752f0ea |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2767-3375 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLOS Global Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-6c80721e8d434fa8a9597e90d752f0ea2025-08-20T02:31:42ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLOS Global Public Health2767-33752025-01-0155e000380610.1371/journal.pgph.0003806Socio-medical factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on the Kenyan coast.Patricia KipkemoiJeanne E SavageJoseph GonaKenneth RimbaMartha KombePaul MwangiCollins KipkoechEunice ChepkemoiAlfred NgomboBeatrice MkubwaConstance RehemaSymon M KariukiDanielle PosthumaKirsten A DonaldElise RobinsonAmina AbubakarCharles R NewtonNeurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of conditions with their onset during the early developmental period and include conditions such as autism and intellectual disability. Occurrence of NDDs is thought to be determined by both genetic and environmental factors, but data on the role of environmental factors for NDD in Africa is limited. This study investigates environmental influences on NDDs in children from Kenya. This case-control study compared children with NDDs and typically developing children from two studies on the Kenyan coast. We included 172 study participants from the Kilifi Autism study and 151 from the NeuroDev study who had a diagnosis of at least one NDD and 112 and 73 with no NDD diagnosis from each study, respectively. Potential risk factors were identified using unadjusted univariable analysis and adjusted multivariable logistic regression. Univariable analysis in the Kilifi Autism study sample revealed hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy conferred the largest odds ratio (OR) 10.52 [95%CI: 4.04, 27.41] for NDDs, followed by medical complications during pregnancy (gestational hypertension & diabetes, eclampsia, maternal bleeding) (OR=3.17 [95%CI: 1.61, 6.23]). In the NeuroDev study sample, labour and birth complications (OR=7.30 [95%CI 2.17, 24.61]), neonatal jaundice (OR=5.49 [95%CI 1.61,18.72]) and infection during pregnancy (OR= 5.31 [95%CI 1.56, 18.11]) conferred the largest risk associated with NDDs. In the adjusted analysis, seizures before age 3 years in the Kilifi Autism study and labour and birth complications in the NeuroDev study conferred the largest increased risk. Higher parity, the child being older and delivery at home were associated with a reduced risk for NDDs. Recognition of important risk factors such as labour and birth complications could guide preventative interventions, developmental screening of at-risk children and monitoring progress of these children. Further studies examining the aetiology of NDDs in population-based samples, including investigating the interaction between genetic and environmental factors, are needed.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003806 |
| spellingShingle | Patricia Kipkemoi Jeanne E Savage Joseph Gona Kenneth Rimba Martha Kombe Paul Mwangi Collins Kipkoech Eunice Chepkemoi Alfred Ngombo Beatrice Mkubwa Constance Rehema Symon M Kariuki Danielle Posthuma Kirsten A Donald Elise Robinson Amina Abubakar Charles R Newton Socio-medical factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on the Kenyan coast. PLOS Global Public Health |
| title | Socio-medical factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on the Kenyan coast. |
| title_full | Socio-medical factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on the Kenyan coast. |
| title_fullStr | Socio-medical factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on the Kenyan coast. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Socio-medical factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on the Kenyan coast. |
| title_short | Socio-medical factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on the Kenyan coast. |
| title_sort | socio medical factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders on the kenyan coast |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0003806 |
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