Analysis of physicochemical properties, electronic sensory, and HS-GC-IMS to explore the effects of density-related stress on the texture, nutritional profile, and flavor of Larimichthys crocea reared in recirculating aquaculture systems

ABSTRACT: The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the key aquaculture species in China, yet the impact of stocking density on its muscle quality in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of density-related stress on muscle quality t...

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Main Authors: Songpeng Jia, Mengqi Lu, Tianyi Lan, Zhenyu Gao, Ran Meng, Xuelei Wang, Xiongfei Wu, Lin Huang, Xujie Li, Zhongming Zheng, Weiliang Shen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:Aquaculture Reports
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352513425003710
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author Songpeng Jia
Mengqi Lu
Tianyi Lan
Zhenyu Gao
Ran Meng
Xuelei Wang
Xiongfei Wu
Lin Huang
Xujie Li
Zhongming Zheng
Weiliang Shen
author_facet Songpeng Jia
Mengqi Lu
Tianyi Lan
Zhenyu Gao
Ran Meng
Xuelei Wang
Xiongfei Wu
Lin Huang
Xujie Li
Zhongming Zheng
Weiliang Shen
author_sort Songpeng Jia
collection DOAJ
description ABSTRACT: The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the key aquaculture species in China, yet the impact of stocking density on its muscle quality in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of density-related stress on muscle quality through comprehensive physicochemical and sensory analyses, including texture measurement, proximate composition, fatty acid/amino acid profiling, electronic tongue/nose evaluations, and HS-GC-IMS. Juvenile fish (initial weight: 49.26 ± 3.90 g) were cultured for 60 days at low (LSD, 4.01 kg/m³), medium (MSD, 7.01 kg/m³), and high (HSD, 10.01 kg/m³) stocking densities across three RAS units, with a total of 1575 fish. The results indicate that the MSD group showed superior water-holding capacity, higher muscle fiber density, and greater post-heating hardness. All groups had high protein content and essential amino acid profiles meeting FAO/WHO recommendations. The LSD group was enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids and umami-related amino acids, the MSD group had higher crude fat and essential amino acids, while the HSD group showed elevated levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA. Regarding flavor, the MSD group exhibited higher levels of umami and salty tastes, along with increased concentrations of volatiles associated with fruity and roasted aromas. In contrast, the LSD and HSD groups exhibited higher levels of certain aldehydes and ketones, which may compromise flavor harmony. These findings demonstrate that stocking density significantly influences the muscle quality of L. crocea in RAS.
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spelling doaj-art-6c374576fc024efab08347cb11ca63c02025-08-20T03:59:40ZengElsevierAquaculture Reports2352-51342025-09-014310298510.1016/j.aqrep.2025.102985Analysis of physicochemical properties, electronic sensory, and HS-GC-IMS to explore the effects of density-related stress on the texture, nutritional profile, and flavor of Larimichthys crocea reared in recirculating aquaculture systemsSongpeng Jia0Mengqi Lu1Tianyi Lan2Zhenyu Gao3Ran Meng4Xuelei Wang5Xiongfei Wu6Lin Huang7Xujie Li8Zhongming Zheng9Weiliang Shen10Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, ChinaKey Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, ChinaKey Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, ChinaKey Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, ChinaZhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, ChinaZhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, ChinaZhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, ChinaZhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, ChinaZhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, ChinaKey Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology Ministry of Education, and Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Corresponding authors.Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Ningbo Academy of Oceanology and Fishery, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Corresponding authors.ABSTRACT: The large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) is one of the key aquaculture species in China, yet the impact of stocking density on its muscle quality in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) remains unclear. This study evaluated the effects of density-related stress on muscle quality through comprehensive physicochemical and sensory analyses, including texture measurement, proximate composition, fatty acid/amino acid profiling, electronic tongue/nose evaluations, and HS-GC-IMS. Juvenile fish (initial weight: 49.26 ± 3.90 g) were cultured for 60 days at low (LSD, 4.01 kg/m³), medium (MSD, 7.01 kg/m³), and high (HSD, 10.01 kg/m³) stocking densities across three RAS units, with a total of 1575 fish. The results indicate that the MSD group showed superior water-holding capacity, higher muscle fiber density, and greater post-heating hardness. All groups had high protein content and essential amino acid profiles meeting FAO/WHO recommendations. The LSD group was enriched in monounsaturated fatty acids and umami-related amino acids, the MSD group had higher crude fat and essential amino acids, while the HSD group showed elevated levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as EPA and DHA. Regarding flavor, the MSD group exhibited higher levels of umami and salty tastes, along with increased concentrations of volatiles associated with fruity and roasted aromas. In contrast, the LSD and HSD groups exhibited higher levels of certain aldehydes and ketones, which may compromise flavor harmony. These findings demonstrate that stocking density significantly influences the muscle quality of L. crocea in RAS.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352513425003710Large yellow croakerRecirculating aquacultureStocking densityMuscle qualityFlavor profile
spellingShingle Songpeng Jia
Mengqi Lu
Tianyi Lan
Zhenyu Gao
Ran Meng
Xuelei Wang
Xiongfei Wu
Lin Huang
Xujie Li
Zhongming Zheng
Weiliang Shen
Analysis of physicochemical properties, electronic sensory, and HS-GC-IMS to explore the effects of density-related stress on the texture, nutritional profile, and flavor of Larimichthys crocea reared in recirculating aquaculture systems
Aquaculture Reports
Large yellow croaker
Recirculating aquaculture
Stocking density
Muscle quality
Flavor profile
title Analysis of physicochemical properties, electronic sensory, and HS-GC-IMS to explore the effects of density-related stress on the texture, nutritional profile, and flavor of Larimichthys crocea reared in recirculating aquaculture systems
title_full Analysis of physicochemical properties, electronic sensory, and HS-GC-IMS to explore the effects of density-related stress on the texture, nutritional profile, and flavor of Larimichthys crocea reared in recirculating aquaculture systems
title_fullStr Analysis of physicochemical properties, electronic sensory, and HS-GC-IMS to explore the effects of density-related stress on the texture, nutritional profile, and flavor of Larimichthys crocea reared in recirculating aquaculture systems
title_full_unstemmed Analysis of physicochemical properties, electronic sensory, and HS-GC-IMS to explore the effects of density-related stress on the texture, nutritional profile, and flavor of Larimichthys crocea reared in recirculating aquaculture systems
title_short Analysis of physicochemical properties, electronic sensory, and HS-GC-IMS to explore the effects of density-related stress on the texture, nutritional profile, and flavor of Larimichthys crocea reared in recirculating aquaculture systems
title_sort analysis of physicochemical properties electronic sensory and hs gc ims to explore the effects of density related stress on the texture nutritional profile and flavor of larimichthys crocea reared in recirculating aquaculture systems
topic Large yellow croaker
Recirculating aquaculture
Stocking density
Muscle quality
Flavor profile
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352513425003710
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