Potentials and Challenges of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the Context of Administrative Decision-Making

Large Language Models (LLMs) could facilitate both more efficient administrative decision-making on the one hand, and better access to legal explanations and remedies to individuals concerned by administrative decisions on the other hand. However, it is an open research question of how performant su...

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Main Authors: Paulina Jo Pesch, Herwig C.H. Hofmann, Felix Pflücke
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Cambridge University Press 2025-03-01
Series:European Journal of Risk Regulation
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1867299X24000990/type/journal_article
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author Paulina Jo Pesch
Herwig C.H. Hofmann
Felix Pflücke
author_facet Paulina Jo Pesch
Herwig C.H. Hofmann
Felix Pflücke
author_sort Paulina Jo Pesch
collection DOAJ
description Large Language Models (LLMs) could facilitate both more efficient administrative decision-making on the one hand, and better access to legal explanations and remedies to individuals concerned by administrative decisions on the other hand. However, it is an open research question of how performant such domain-specific models could be. Furthermore, they pose legal challenges, touching especially upon administrative law, fundamental rights, data protection law, AI regulation, and copyright law. The article provides an introduction into LLMs, outlines potential use cases for such models in the context of administrative decisions, and presents a non-exhaustive introduction to practical and legal challenges that require in-depth interdisciplinary research. A focus lies on open practical and legal challenges with respect to legal reasoning through LLMs. The article points out under which circumstances administrations can fulfil their duty to provide reasons with LLM-generated reasons. It highlights the importance of human oversight and the need to design LLM-based systems in a way that enables users such as administrative decision-makers to effectively oversee them. Furthermore, the article addresses the protection of training data and trade-offs with model performance, bias prevention and explainability to highlight the need for interdisciplinary research projects.
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spelling doaj-art-6bb62c401e28452984a8a657ca74edd02025-08-20T13:03:13ZengCambridge University PressEuropean Journal of Risk Regulation1867-299X2190-82492025-03-0116769510.1017/err.2024.99Potentials and Challenges of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the Context of Administrative Decision-MakingPaulina Jo Pesch0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5508-2918Herwig C.H. HofmannFelix PflückeSchool of Law, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, GermanyLarge Language Models (LLMs) could facilitate both more efficient administrative decision-making on the one hand, and better access to legal explanations and remedies to individuals concerned by administrative decisions on the other hand. However, it is an open research question of how performant such domain-specific models could be. Furthermore, they pose legal challenges, touching especially upon administrative law, fundamental rights, data protection law, AI regulation, and copyright law. The article provides an introduction into LLMs, outlines potential use cases for such models in the context of administrative decisions, and presents a non-exhaustive introduction to practical and legal challenges that require in-depth interdisciplinary research. A focus lies on open practical and legal challenges with respect to legal reasoning through LLMs. The article points out under which circumstances administrations can fulfil their duty to provide reasons with LLM-generated reasons. It highlights the importance of human oversight and the need to design LLM-based systems in a way that enables users such as administrative decision-makers to effectively oversee them. Furthermore, the article addresses the protection of training data and trade-offs with model performance, bias prevention and explainability to highlight the need for interdisciplinary research projects.https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1867299X24000990/type/journal_articleadministrative decision-makingartificial intelligence (AI)automated decision-makinglarge language models (LLMs)
spellingShingle Paulina Jo Pesch
Herwig C.H. Hofmann
Felix Pflücke
Potentials and Challenges of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the Context of Administrative Decision-Making
European Journal of Risk Regulation
administrative decision-making
artificial intelligence (AI)
automated decision-making
large language models (LLMs)
title Potentials and Challenges of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the Context of Administrative Decision-Making
title_full Potentials and Challenges of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the Context of Administrative Decision-Making
title_fullStr Potentials and Challenges of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the Context of Administrative Decision-Making
title_full_unstemmed Potentials and Challenges of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the Context of Administrative Decision-Making
title_short Potentials and Challenges of Large Language Models (LLMs) in the Context of Administrative Decision-Making
title_sort potentials and challenges of large language models llms in the context of administrative decision making
topic administrative decision-making
artificial intelligence (AI)
automated decision-making
large language models (LLMs)
url https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1867299X24000990/type/journal_article
work_keys_str_mv AT paulinajopesch potentialsandchallengesoflargelanguagemodelsllmsinthecontextofadministrativedecisionmaking
AT herwigchhofmann potentialsandchallengesoflargelanguagemodelsllmsinthecontextofadministrativedecisionmaking
AT felixpflucke potentialsandchallengesoflargelanguagemodelsllmsinthecontextofadministrativedecisionmaking