Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Challenges

Chronic pain represents a complex and debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide, significantly compromising their quality of life. The conventional approach to treating this type of pain often relies on the use of opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. While these agen...

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Main Authors: Carla Matos, Ana Teresa Pereira, Maria João Dias, Carla Sousa, Ana Ferreira Vinha, Carla Moutinho, Márcia Carvalho
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Series:Stresses
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/7
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author Carla Matos
Ana Teresa Pereira
Maria João Dias
Carla Sousa
Ana Ferreira Vinha
Carla Moutinho
Márcia Carvalho
author_facet Carla Matos
Ana Teresa Pereira
Maria João Dias
Carla Sousa
Ana Ferreira Vinha
Carla Moutinho
Márcia Carvalho
author_sort Carla Matos
collection DOAJ
description Chronic pain represents a complex and debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide, significantly compromising their quality of life. The conventional approach to treating this type of pain often relies on the use of opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. While these agents are effective in the short term, they present several limitations, including the risk of dependence, severe side effects, and, in some cases, ineffectiveness in reducing pain. In this context, medical cannabis has emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative, given its potential ability to relieve pain effectively with a favorable safety profile. This work aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the existing literature on the effects of medical cannabis in the treatment of chronic pain. <i>Cannabis sativa</i> contains several pharmacologically active compounds, the most prominent of which are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆<sup>9</sup>-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, thereby modulating the pain response. Clinical evidence has shown that cannabinoids can significantly reduce the intensity of chronic pain, particularly in cases of neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and other painful conditions that are unresponsive to conventional treatments. However, the full integration of medical cannabis into clinical practice faces significant obstacles, including the need for standardized dosing, long-term safety data, and regulatory frameworks. These issues, alongside concerns over adverse effects and drug interactions, must be addressed to unlock the full therapeutic potential of cannabinoids, particularly for chronic pain patients, who endure both physical suffering and the added burden of stress.
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spelling doaj-art-6b4c697f0a2143dc81acf3083ea58a432025-08-20T02:15:42ZengMDPI AGStresses2673-71402025-01-0151710.3390/stresses5010007Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic ChallengesCarla Matos0Ana Teresa Pereira1Maria João Dias2Carla Sousa3Ana Ferreira Vinha4Carla Moutinho5Márcia Carvalho6Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, PortugalFaculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, PortugalFaculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, PortugalFaculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, PortugalFaculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, PortugalFaculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, PortugalFaculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Rua Carlos da Maia, 296, 4200-150 Porto, PortugalChronic pain represents a complex and debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide, significantly compromising their quality of life. The conventional approach to treating this type of pain often relies on the use of opioid analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs. While these agents are effective in the short term, they present several limitations, including the risk of dependence, severe side effects, and, in some cases, ineffectiveness in reducing pain. In this context, medical cannabis has emerged as a promising therapeutic alternative, given its potential ability to relieve pain effectively with a favorable safety profile. This work aims to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the existing literature on the effects of medical cannabis in the treatment of chronic pain. <i>Cannabis sativa</i> contains several pharmacologically active compounds, the most prominent of which are delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆<sup>9</sup>-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), which interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system, thereby modulating the pain response. Clinical evidence has shown that cannabinoids can significantly reduce the intensity of chronic pain, particularly in cases of neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, arthritis, and other painful conditions that are unresponsive to conventional treatments. However, the full integration of medical cannabis into clinical practice faces significant obstacles, including the need for standardized dosing, long-term safety data, and regulatory frameworks. These issues, alongside concerns over adverse effects and drug interactions, must be addressed to unlock the full therapeutic potential of cannabinoids, particularly for chronic pain patients, who endure both physical suffering and the added burden of stress.https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/7<i>Cannabis sativa</i>?<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinolcannabidiolchronic painendocannabinoid systemadverse effects
spellingShingle Carla Matos
Ana Teresa Pereira
Maria João Dias
Carla Sousa
Ana Ferreira Vinha
Carla Moutinho
Márcia Carvalho
Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Challenges
Stresses
<i>Cannabis sativa</i>
?<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol
cannabidiol
chronic pain
endocannabinoid system
adverse effects
title Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Challenges
title_full Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Challenges
title_fullStr Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Challenges
title_full_unstemmed Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Challenges
title_short Cannabis for Chronic Pain: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Challenges
title_sort cannabis for chronic pain mechanistic insights and therapeutic challenges
topic <i>Cannabis sativa</i>
?<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol
cannabidiol
chronic pain
endocannabinoid system
adverse effects
url https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7140/5/1/7
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