Contribution of the major HCHO metabolic pathways to HCHO-uptake by geranium leaves under liquid HCHO stress
Geranium (Pelargonium sp. Frensham) is an ornamental plant cultivated in the worldwide. In this study, wild type (WT) geranium leaves were first treated with H<sup>13</sup>CHO solutions in time and concentration-gradient manner to clarify the detailed H<sup>13</sup>CHO-metabo...
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Zhejiang University Press
2015-05-01
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| Series: | 浙江大学学报. 农业与生命科学版 |
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| Online Access: | https://www.academax.com/doi/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2014.09.282 |
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| author | Han Shuang Xiao Suqin Sun Zhen Xuan Xiuxia Li Kunzhi Chen Limei |
| author_facet | Han Shuang Xiao Suqin Sun Zhen Xuan Xiuxia Li Kunzhi Chen Limei |
| author_sort | Han Shuang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Geranium (Pelargonium sp. Frensham) is an ornamental plant cultivated in the worldwide. In this study, wild type (WT) geranium leaves were first treated with H<sup>13</sup>CHO solutions in time and concentration-gradient manner to clarify the detailed H<sup>13</sup>CHO-metabolic pathways in WT geranium leaves and to quantitatively analyze the roles of the major HCHO-metabolic pathways in HCHO-absorption by WT geranium leaves, and then understand the metabolic mechanism of geranium response to liquid HCHO stress.Geranium was used as the experimental material. In the H<sup>13</sup>CHO treatment, 2 g geranium fresh leaves were soaked in different concentrations of H<sup>13</sup>CHO [including 0.1% 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid, MES] solution (100 mL), and then incubated under constant light [100 μmol/(m<sup>2</sup>·s)] at 25℃ for different time with shaking (100 r/min). After incubation, the leaves were washed and used to grind. The extract was transferred into a 5 mm NMR tube and subjected to <sup>13</sup>C-NMR analysis. Resonance peaks were assigned by comparison with authentic compound's chemical shifts and confirmed by spiking the kalium phosphate buffer (KPB) extracts with authentic reference standards. For comparison of the relative contents of the metabolites, the target peaks were integrated relatively to the reference. Geranium leaves were treated in H<sup>13</sup>CHO solution to analyze the detailed HCHO metabolic pathways and the contribution of the major metabolic pathway to HCHO-uptake by geranium leaves. In the time gradient, the content of citric acid (Cit) was on an upward trend, after treatment 48 h, its relative signal integral reached 4.54-fold of the unprocessed geranium leaves (control, CK). The signal integration of <sup>13</sup>C-carbohydrate[U-<sup>13</sup>C] glucose (Gluc) and [U-<sup>13</sup>C] fructose (Fruc) decreased in the first 4 h treatment and then increased, and finally achieved 1.72 and 1.94-fold of CK. In the concentration gradient, the content of citric acid increased obviously with the increase of HCHO concentration, and finally reached 7.58-fold of CK. The signal integration of <sup>13</sup>C-carbohydrate [U-<sup>13</sup>C] Gluc and [U-<sup>13</sup>C] Fruc slightly increased after decreased dramatically with the increase of HCHO concentration, and finally achieved 0.15 and 0.2-fold of CK. Results suggested that the HCHO-absorption by geranium leaves was a power function in relation with the treatment time. In 2 mmol/L HCHO treatment, during the early stage (0-24 h), the primary functioned metabolic pathway was the Cit produced pathway in geranium leaves. In this period, the geranium leaves absorbed 25% HCHO of total absorption. At the late stage (24-48 h) of HCHO treatment, two major metabolic pathways, the Cit produced pathway and <sup>13</sup>C-labelled glucide ([U-<sup>13</sup>C] Gluc and [U-<sup>13</sup>C]Fruc) generation pathway, functioned simultaneously in geranium leaves. Some <sup>13</sup>C-labelled glucide might also enter the glycolysis pathway or the tricarboxylate (TCA) cycle, which thereby allowed an enhancement in many organic acid peaks. In this time, the geranium leaves absorbed 50% HCHO of all uptake.It is concluded that HCHO is eventually converted into glyoxylate which enters into the glyoxylate cycle to produce[3-<sup>13</sup>C] Cit, and carbohydrates are synthesized via gluconeogenesis pathway, then isocitrate enters into the TCA cycle to produce amino acids, and these metabolic pathways produce various organic acids. Apparently, geranium leaves metabolize liquid formaldehyde mainly through Cit and glucide ([U-<sup>13</sup>C] Gluc and [U-<sup>13</sup>C] Fruc) synthesis pathway. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6aeeda740e944c4d87ce24fef8dbb85d |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 1008-9209 2097-5155 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2015-05-01 |
| publisher | Zhejiang University Press |
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| series | 浙江大学学报. 农业与生命科学版 |
| spelling | doaj-art-6aeeda740e944c4d87ce24fef8dbb85d2025-08-20T02:47:32ZengZhejiang University Press浙江大学学报. 农业与生命科学版1008-92092097-51552015-05-014129330110.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2014.09.28210089209Contribution of the major HCHO metabolic pathways to HCHO-uptake by geranium leaves under liquid HCHO stressHan ShuangXiao SuqinSun ZhenXuan XiuxiaLi KunzhiChen LimeiGeranium (Pelargonium sp. Frensham) is an ornamental plant cultivated in the worldwide. In this study, wild type (WT) geranium leaves were first treated with H<sup>13</sup>CHO solutions in time and concentration-gradient manner to clarify the detailed H<sup>13</sup>CHO-metabolic pathways in WT geranium leaves and to quantitatively analyze the roles of the major HCHO-metabolic pathways in HCHO-absorption by WT geranium leaves, and then understand the metabolic mechanism of geranium response to liquid HCHO stress.Geranium was used as the experimental material. In the H<sup>13</sup>CHO treatment, 2 g geranium fresh leaves were soaked in different concentrations of H<sup>13</sup>CHO [including 0.1% 2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid, MES] solution (100 mL), and then incubated under constant light [100 μmol/(m<sup>2</sup>·s)] at 25℃ for different time with shaking (100 r/min). After incubation, the leaves were washed and used to grind. The extract was transferred into a 5 mm NMR tube and subjected to <sup>13</sup>C-NMR analysis. Resonance peaks were assigned by comparison with authentic compound's chemical shifts and confirmed by spiking the kalium phosphate buffer (KPB) extracts with authentic reference standards. For comparison of the relative contents of the metabolites, the target peaks were integrated relatively to the reference. Geranium leaves were treated in H<sup>13</sup>CHO solution to analyze the detailed HCHO metabolic pathways and the contribution of the major metabolic pathway to HCHO-uptake by geranium leaves. In the time gradient, the content of citric acid (Cit) was on an upward trend, after treatment 48 h, its relative signal integral reached 4.54-fold of the unprocessed geranium leaves (control, CK). The signal integration of <sup>13</sup>C-carbohydrate[U-<sup>13</sup>C] glucose (Gluc) and [U-<sup>13</sup>C] fructose (Fruc) decreased in the first 4 h treatment and then increased, and finally achieved 1.72 and 1.94-fold of CK. In the concentration gradient, the content of citric acid increased obviously with the increase of HCHO concentration, and finally reached 7.58-fold of CK. The signal integration of <sup>13</sup>C-carbohydrate [U-<sup>13</sup>C] Gluc and [U-<sup>13</sup>C] Fruc slightly increased after decreased dramatically with the increase of HCHO concentration, and finally achieved 0.15 and 0.2-fold of CK. Results suggested that the HCHO-absorption by geranium leaves was a power function in relation with the treatment time. In 2 mmol/L HCHO treatment, during the early stage (0-24 h), the primary functioned metabolic pathway was the Cit produced pathway in geranium leaves. In this period, the geranium leaves absorbed 25% HCHO of total absorption. At the late stage (24-48 h) of HCHO treatment, two major metabolic pathways, the Cit produced pathway and <sup>13</sup>C-labelled glucide ([U-<sup>13</sup>C] Gluc and [U-<sup>13</sup>C]Fruc) generation pathway, functioned simultaneously in geranium leaves. Some <sup>13</sup>C-labelled glucide might also enter the glycolysis pathway or the tricarboxylate (TCA) cycle, which thereby allowed an enhancement in many organic acid peaks. In this time, the geranium leaves absorbed 50% HCHO of all uptake.It is concluded that HCHO is eventually converted into glyoxylate which enters into the glyoxylate cycle to produce[3-<sup>13</sup>C] Cit, and carbohydrates are synthesized via gluconeogenesis pathway, then isocitrate enters into the TCA cycle to produce amino acids, and these metabolic pathways produce various organic acids. Apparently, geranium leaves metabolize liquid formaldehyde mainly through Cit and glucide ([U-<sup>13</sup>C] Gluc and [U-<sup>13</sup>C] Fruc) synthesis pathway.https://www.academax.com/doi/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2014.09.282geraniumHCHO metabolic pathwayliquid formaldehyde stressformaldehyde-uptake |
| spellingShingle | Han Shuang Xiao Suqin Sun Zhen Xuan Xiuxia Li Kunzhi Chen Limei Contribution of the major HCHO metabolic pathways to HCHO-uptake by geranium leaves under liquid HCHO stress 浙江大学学报. 农业与生命科学版 geranium HCHO metabolic pathway liquid formaldehyde stress formaldehyde-uptake |
| title | Contribution of the major HCHO metabolic pathways to HCHO-uptake by geranium leaves under liquid HCHO stress |
| title_full | Contribution of the major HCHO metabolic pathways to HCHO-uptake by geranium leaves under liquid HCHO stress |
| title_fullStr | Contribution of the major HCHO metabolic pathways to HCHO-uptake by geranium leaves under liquid HCHO stress |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contribution of the major HCHO metabolic pathways to HCHO-uptake by geranium leaves under liquid HCHO stress |
| title_short | Contribution of the major HCHO metabolic pathways to HCHO-uptake by geranium leaves under liquid HCHO stress |
| title_sort | contribution of the major hcho metabolic pathways to hcho uptake by geranium leaves under liquid hcho stress |
| topic | geranium HCHO metabolic pathway liquid formaldehyde stress formaldehyde-uptake |
| url | https://www.academax.com/doi/10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2014.09.282 |
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