Hydrogel-Based Continuum Soft Robots

This paper comprehensively reviews the latest advances in hydrogel-based continuum soft robots. Hydrogels exhibit exceptional flexibility and adaptability compared to traditional robots reliant on rigid structures, making them ideal as biomimetic robotic skins and platforms for constructing highly a...

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Main Authors: Honghong Wang, Jingli Du, Yi Mao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Gels
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/4/254
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author Honghong Wang
Jingli Du
Yi Mao
author_facet Honghong Wang
Jingli Du
Yi Mao
author_sort Honghong Wang
collection DOAJ
description This paper comprehensively reviews the latest advances in hydrogel-based continuum soft robots. Hydrogels exhibit exceptional flexibility and adaptability compared to traditional robots reliant on rigid structures, making them ideal as biomimetic robotic skins and platforms for constructing highly accurate, real-time responsive sensory interfaces. The article systematically summarizes recent research developments across several key dimensions, including application domains, fabrication methods, actuator technologies, and sensing mechanisms. From an application perspective, developments span healthcare, manufacturing, and agriculture. Regarding fabrication techniques, the paper extensively explores crosslinking methods, additive manufacturing, microfluidics, and other related processes. Additionally, the article categorizes and thoroughly discusses various hydrogel-based actuators responsive to solute/solvent variations, pH, chemical reactions, temperature, light, magnetic fields, electric fields, hydraulic/electro-osmotic stimuli, and humidity. It also details the strategies for designing and implementing diverse sensors, including strain, pressure, humidity, conductive, magnetic, thermal, gas, optical, and multimodal sensors. Finally, the paper offers an in-depth discussion of the prospective applications of hydrogel-based continuum soft robots, particularly emphasizing their potential in medical and industrial fields. Concluding remarks include a forward-looking outlook highlighting future challenges and promising research directions.
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spelling doaj-art-6a6b3efb02734b32b4ac4ab8ba81da7f2025-08-20T02:28:28ZengMDPI AGGels2310-28612025-03-0111425410.3390/gels11040254Hydrogel-Based Continuum Soft RobotsHonghong Wang0Jingli Du1Yi Mao2School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, ChinaSchool of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, ChinaSchool of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, ChinaThis paper comprehensively reviews the latest advances in hydrogel-based continuum soft robots. Hydrogels exhibit exceptional flexibility and adaptability compared to traditional robots reliant on rigid structures, making them ideal as biomimetic robotic skins and platforms for constructing highly accurate, real-time responsive sensory interfaces. The article systematically summarizes recent research developments across several key dimensions, including application domains, fabrication methods, actuator technologies, and sensing mechanisms. From an application perspective, developments span healthcare, manufacturing, and agriculture. Regarding fabrication techniques, the paper extensively explores crosslinking methods, additive manufacturing, microfluidics, and other related processes. Additionally, the article categorizes and thoroughly discusses various hydrogel-based actuators responsive to solute/solvent variations, pH, chemical reactions, temperature, light, magnetic fields, electric fields, hydraulic/electro-osmotic stimuli, and humidity. It also details the strategies for designing and implementing diverse sensors, including strain, pressure, humidity, conductive, magnetic, thermal, gas, optical, and multimodal sensors. Finally, the paper offers an in-depth discussion of the prospective applications of hydrogel-based continuum soft robots, particularly emphasizing their potential in medical and industrial fields. Concluding remarks include a forward-looking outlook highlighting future challenges and promising research directions.https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/4/254hydrogelsoft robotscontinuum robotcontinuum soft robotshydrogel-based
spellingShingle Honghong Wang
Jingli Du
Yi Mao
Hydrogel-Based Continuum Soft Robots
Gels
hydrogel
soft robots
continuum robot
continuum soft robots
hydrogel-based
title Hydrogel-Based Continuum Soft Robots
title_full Hydrogel-Based Continuum Soft Robots
title_fullStr Hydrogel-Based Continuum Soft Robots
title_full_unstemmed Hydrogel-Based Continuum Soft Robots
title_short Hydrogel-Based Continuum Soft Robots
title_sort hydrogel based continuum soft robots
topic hydrogel
soft robots
continuum robot
continuum soft robots
hydrogel-based
url https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/11/4/254
work_keys_str_mv AT honghongwang hydrogelbasedcontinuumsoftrobots
AT jinglidu hydrogelbasedcontinuumsoftrobots
AT yimao hydrogelbasedcontinuumsoftrobots