Design and Analysis of a Serial Position-Controlled Variable Stiffness Rotating Mechanism Based on Multi-Stage Torsional Compliant Mechanisms

This work presents the design and experimental validation of a position-controlled rotating mechanism featuring multi-stage variable stiffness. Before designing the overall mechanism, three different compliant mechanisms, based on flexible beams, are parametrically optimized using a SolidWorks–Ansys...

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Main Authors: Kai Wen, Guanglei Wu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Actuators
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/14/5/236
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author Kai Wen
Guanglei Wu
author_facet Kai Wen
Guanglei Wu
author_sort Kai Wen
collection DOAJ
description This work presents the design and experimental validation of a position-controlled rotating mechanism featuring multi-stage variable stiffness. Before designing the overall mechanism, three different compliant mechanisms, based on flexible beams, are parametrically optimized using a SolidWorks–Ansys co-simulation technique. The flexible beams are composed of multiple straight segments, Bezier curves, and multiple arc segments. The corresponding torque–deflection curves of the compliant mechanisms are collected and fitted into analytical expressions, from which the stiffness equation varying with the angular position is derived for stiffness regulation. A combination of three-stage compliant mechanisms connected in serial is realized to prototype the physical mechanism, which can have three different stiffness ranges of the output shaft. The maximum stiffness is about nine times higher than the lowest one, leading to a broader bandwidth of varying stiffness, which can make the mechanism more adaptive to the external payloads for safety consideration. Experimental measurements are carried out, and the comparison shows a good agreement between the experimental and simulation results, which experimentally validated the design concept. The compact and simple structure, as well as the multi-stage variable stiffness ranges, implies high adaptability of the designed mechanism.
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spelling doaj-art-6a234a886c3d4d81986af589ea85a1ca2025-08-20T02:33:43ZengMDPI AGActuators2076-08252025-05-0114523610.3390/act14050236Design and Analysis of a Serial Position-Controlled Variable Stiffness Rotating Mechanism Based on Multi-Stage Torsional Compliant MechanismsKai Wen0Guanglei Wu1School of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, ChinaSchool of Mechanical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, ChinaThis work presents the design and experimental validation of a position-controlled rotating mechanism featuring multi-stage variable stiffness. Before designing the overall mechanism, three different compliant mechanisms, based on flexible beams, are parametrically optimized using a SolidWorks–Ansys co-simulation technique. The flexible beams are composed of multiple straight segments, Bezier curves, and multiple arc segments. The corresponding torque–deflection curves of the compliant mechanisms are collected and fitted into analytical expressions, from which the stiffness equation varying with the angular position is derived for stiffness regulation. A combination of three-stage compliant mechanisms connected in serial is realized to prototype the physical mechanism, which can have three different stiffness ranges of the output shaft. The maximum stiffness is about nine times higher than the lowest one, leading to a broader bandwidth of varying stiffness, which can make the mechanism more adaptive to the external payloads for safety consideration. Experimental measurements are carried out, and the comparison shows a good agreement between the experimental and simulation results, which experimentally validated the design concept. The compact and simple structure, as well as the multi-stage variable stiffness ranges, implies high adaptability of the designed mechanism.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/14/5/236variable stiffness mechanismcompliant elementsco-simulationposition-controlled stiffness regulationparameter optimization
spellingShingle Kai Wen
Guanglei Wu
Design and Analysis of a Serial Position-Controlled Variable Stiffness Rotating Mechanism Based on Multi-Stage Torsional Compliant Mechanisms
Actuators
variable stiffness mechanism
compliant elements
co-simulation
position-controlled stiffness regulation
parameter optimization
title Design and Analysis of a Serial Position-Controlled Variable Stiffness Rotating Mechanism Based on Multi-Stage Torsional Compliant Mechanisms
title_full Design and Analysis of a Serial Position-Controlled Variable Stiffness Rotating Mechanism Based on Multi-Stage Torsional Compliant Mechanisms
title_fullStr Design and Analysis of a Serial Position-Controlled Variable Stiffness Rotating Mechanism Based on Multi-Stage Torsional Compliant Mechanisms
title_full_unstemmed Design and Analysis of a Serial Position-Controlled Variable Stiffness Rotating Mechanism Based on Multi-Stage Torsional Compliant Mechanisms
title_short Design and Analysis of a Serial Position-Controlled Variable Stiffness Rotating Mechanism Based on Multi-Stage Torsional Compliant Mechanisms
title_sort design and analysis of a serial position controlled variable stiffness rotating mechanism based on multi stage torsional compliant mechanisms
topic variable stiffness mechanism
compliant elements
co-simulation
position-controlled stiffness regulation
parameter optimization
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/14/5/236
work_keys_str_mv AT kaiwen designandanalysisofaserialpositioncontrolledvariablestiffnessrotatingmechanismbasedonmultistagetorsionalcompliantmechanisms
AT guangleiwu designandanalysisofaserialpositioncontrolledvariablestiffnessrotatingmechanismbasedonmultistagetorsionalcompliantmechanisms