Analysis of the Full Spitzer Microlensing Sample. I. Dark Remnant Candidates and Gaia Predictions
In the pursuit of understanding the population of stellar remnants within the Milky Way, we analyze the sample of ∼950 microlensing events observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope between 2014 and 2019. In this study we focus on a subsample of nine microlensing events, selected based on their long ti...
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2024-01-01
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| author | Krzysztof A. Rybicki Yossi Shvartzvald Jennifer C. Yee Sebastiano Calchi Novati Eran O. Ofek Ian A. Bond Charles Beichman Geoff Bryden Sean Carey Calen Henderson Wei Zhu Michael M. Fausnaugh Benjamin Wibking The Spitzer Team Andrzej Udalski Radek Poleski Przemek Mróz Michał K. Szymański Igor Soszyński Paweł Pietrukowicz Szymon Kozłowski Jan Skowron Krzysztof Ulaczyk Patryk Iwanek Marcin Wrona The OGLE Collaboration Yoon-Hyun Ryu Michael D. Albrow Sun-Ju Chung Andrew Gould Cheongho Han Kyu-Ha Hwang Youn Kil Jung In-Gu Shin Hongjing Yang Weicheng Zang Sang-Mok Cha Dong-Jin Kim Hyoun-Woo Kim Seung-Lee Kim Chung-Uk Lee Dong-Joo Lee Yongseok Lee Byeong-Gon Park Richard W. Pogge The KMTNet Collaboration Fumio Abe Richard Barry David P. Bennett Aparna Bhattacharya Akihiko Fukui Ryusei Hamada Shunya Hamada Naoto Hamasaki Yuki Hirao Stela Ishitani Silva Yoshitaka Itow Rintaro Kirikawa Naoki Koshimoto Yutaka Matsubara Shota Miyazaki Yasushi Muraki Tutumi Nagai Kansuke Nunota Greg Olmschenk Clement Ranc Nicholas J. Rattenbury Yuki K. Satoh Takahiro Sumi Daisuke Suzuki Paul. J. Tristram Aikaterini Vandorou Hibiki Yama MOA collaboration Łukasz Wyrzykowski Kornel Howil Katarzyna Kruszyńska |
| author_facet | Krzysztof A. Rybicki Yossi Shvartzvald Jennifer C. Yee Sebastiano Calchi Novati Eran O. Ofek Ian A. Bond Charles Beichman Geoff Bryden Sean Carey Calen Henderson Wei Zhu Michael M. Fausnaugh Benjamin Wibking The Spitzer Team Andrzej Udalski Radek Poleski Przemek Mróz Michał K. Szymański Igor Soszyński Paweł Pietrukowicz Szymon Kozłowski Jan Skowron Krzysztof Ulaczyk Patryk Iwanek Marcin Wrona The OGLE Collaboration Yoon-Hyun Ryu Michael D. Albrow Sun-Ju Chung Andrew Gould Cheongho Han Kyu-Ha Hwang Youn Kil Jung In-Gu Shin Hongjing Yang Weicheng Zang Sang-Mok Cha Dong-Jin Kim Hyoun-Woo Kim Seung-Lee Kim Chung-Uk Lee Dong-Joo Lee Yongseok Lee Byeong-Gon Park Richard W. Pogge The KMTNet Collaboration Fumio Abe Richard Barry David P. Bennett Aparna Bhattacharya Akihiko Fukui Ryusei Hamada Shunya Hamada Naoto Hamasaki Yuki Hirao Stela Ishitani Silva Yoshitaka Itow Rintaro Kirikawa Naoki Koshimoto Yutaka Matsubara Shota Miyazaki Yasushi Muraki Tutumi Nagai Kansuke Nunota Greg Olmschenk Clement Ranc Nicholas J. Rattenbury Yuki K. Satoh Takahiro Sumi Daisuke Suzuki Paul. J. Tristram Aikaterini Vandorou Hibiki Yama MOA collaboration Łukasz Wyrzykowski Kornel Howil Katarzyna Kruszyńska |
| author_sort | Krzysztof A. Rybicki |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In the pursuit of understanding the population of stellar remnants within the Milky Way, we analyze the sample of ∼950 microlensing events observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope between 2014 and 2019. In this study we focus on a subsample of nine microlensing events, selected based on their long timescales, small microlensing parallaxes, and joint observations by the Gaia mission, to increase the probability that the chosen lenses are massive and the mass is measurable. Among the selected events we identify lensing black holes and neutron star candidates, with potential confirmation through forthcoming release of the Gaia time-series astrometry in 2026. Utilizing Bayesian analysis and Galactic models, along with the Gaia Data Release 3 proper-motion data, four good candidates for dark remnants were identified: OGLE-2016-BLG-0293, OGLE-2018-BLG-0483, OGLE-2018-BLG-0662, and OGLE-2015-BLG-0149, with lens masses of ${3.0}_{-1.3}^{+1.8}\,{M}_{\odot }$ , ${4.7}_{-2.1}^{+3.2}\,{M}_{\odot }$ , ${3.15}_{-0.64}^{+0.66}\,{M}_{\odot }$ and ${1.40}_{-0.55}^{+0.75}\,{M}_{\odot }$ , respectively. Notably, the first two candidates are expected to exhibit astrometric microlensing signals detectable by Gaia, offering the prospect of validating the lens masses. The methodologies developed in this work will be applied to the full Spitzer microlensing sample, populating and analyzing the timescale ( t _E ) versus parallax ( π _E ) diagram to derive constraints on the population of lenses in general and massive remnants in particular. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-69fc9781e5d04bd99cb6e5e93f7e4cca |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj-art-69fc9781e5d04bd99cb6e5e93f7e4cca2024-11-13T14:38:00ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572024-01-01975221610.3847/1538-4357/ad7bb1Analysis of the Full Spitzer Microlensing Sample. I. Dark Remnant Candidates and Gaia PredictionsKrzysztof A. Rybicki0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9326-9329Yossi Shvartzvald1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1525-5041Jennifer C. Yee2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9481-7123Sebastiano Calchi Novati3Eran O. Ofek4Ian A. Bond5Charles Beichman6Geoff Bryden7Sean Carey8Calen Henderson9https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8877-9060Wei Zhu10Michael M. Fausnaugh11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9113-7162Benjamin Wibking12The Spitzer TeamAndrzej Udalski13Radek Poleski14Przemek Mróz15Michał K. Szymański16Igor Soszyński17Paweł Pietrukowicz18Szymon Kozłowski19Jan Skowron20Krzysztof Ulaczyk21Patryk Iwanek22Marcin Wrona23The OGLE CollaborationYoon-Hyun Ryu24https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9823-2907Michael D. Albrow25https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-4012Sun-Ju Chung26https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6285-4528Andrew Gould27Cheongho Han28https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2641-9964Kyu-Ha Hwang29https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9241-4117Youn Kil Jung30https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0314-6000In-Gu Shin31https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4355-9838Hongjing Yang32https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0626-8465Weicheng Zang33https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6000-3463Sang-Mok Cha34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7511-2950Dong-Jin Kim35Hyoun-Woo Kim36Seung-Lee Kim37https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0562-5643Chung-Uk Lee38https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0043-3925Dong-Joo Lee39https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5737-0908Yongseok Lee40https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7594-8072Byeong-Gon Park41https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6982-7722Richard W. Pogge42https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1435-3053The KMTNet CollaborationFumio Abe43Richard Barry44David P. Bennett45https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8043-8413Aparna Bhattacharya46Akihiko Fukui47Ryusei Hamada48Shunya Hamada49Naoto Hamasaki50Yuki Hirao51Stela Ishitani Silva52Yoshitaka Itow53Rintaro Kirikawa54Naoki Koshimoto55Yutaka Matsubara56Shota Miyazaki57Yasushi Muraki58Tutumi Nagai59Kansuke Nunota60Greg Olmschenk61Clement Ranc62Nicholas J. Rattenbury63Yuki K. Satoh64https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1228-4122Takahiro Sumi65Daisuke Suzuki66Paul. J. Tristram67Aikaterini Vandorou68Hibiki Yama69MOA collaborationŁukasz Wyrzykowski70Kornel Howil71Katarzyna Kruszyńska72Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, IsraelDepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, IsraelCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden St., MS-15, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAIPAC , Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USADepartment of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, IsraelInstitute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University , Auckland 0745, New ZealandIPAC , Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USAIPAC , Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USAIPAC , Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USAIPAC , Mail Code 100-22, Caltech, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91125, USADepartment of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 10084, People's Republic of ChinaDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, Texas Tech University , Lubbock TX, 79410-1051, USAMichigan State University , 426 Auditorium Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USAAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, PolandAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, PolandAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, PolandAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, PolandAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, PolandAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, PolandAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, PolandAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, PolandAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, Poland; Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7 AL, UKAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, PolandAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, PolandKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaUniversity of Canterbury , School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8020, New ZealandKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaMax-Planck-Institute for Astronomy , Königstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University , 140 W. 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USADepartment of Physics, Chungbuk National University , Cheongju 28644, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; National University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34113, Republic of KoreaCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden St., MS-15, Cambridge, MA 02138, USADepartment of Astronomy, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, People's Republic of ChinaCenter for Astrophysics ∣ Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden St., MS-15, Cambridge, MA 02138, USAKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Kyeonggi 17104, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of Korea; School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Kyeonggi 17104, Republic of KoreaKorea Astronomy and Space Science Institute , Daejeon 34055, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Astronomy, Ohio State University , 140 West 18th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics, Ohio State University , 191 West Woodruff Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USAInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, JapanCode 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USACode 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USACode 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USADepartment of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias , Via Lactea s/n, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife, SpainDepartment of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JapanDepartment of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JapanDepartment of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JapanInstitute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015, JapanCode 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Physics, The Catholic University of America , Washington, DC 20064, USAInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, JapanDepartment of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JapanDepartment of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JapanInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, JapanInstitute of Space and Astronautical Science , Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, JapanInstitute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, JapanDepartment of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JapanDepartment of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JapanCode 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USASorbonne Université , CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, 98 bis bd Arago, 75014 Paris, FranceDepartment of Physics, University of Auckland , Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New ZealandCollege of Science and Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University , 1-50-1 Mutsuurahigashi, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8501, JapanDepartment of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JapanDepartment of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JapanUniversity of Canterbury Mt. John Observatory , P.O. Box 56, Lake Tekapo 8770, New ZealandCode 667, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USADepartment of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, JapanAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, PolandAstronomical Observatory, University of Warsaw , Al. Ujazdowskie 4, 00-478, Warszawa, PolandLas Cumbres Observatory , 6740 Cortona Drive, Suite 102, Goleta, CA 93117, USAIn the pursuit of understanding the population of stellar remnants within the Milky Way, we analyze the sample of ∼950 microlensing events observed by the Spitzer Space Telescope between 2014 and 2019. In this study we focus on a subsample of nine microlensing events, selected based on their long timescales, small microlensing parallaxes, and joint observations by the Gaia mission, to increase the probability that the chosen lenses are massive and the mass is measurable. Among the selected events we identify lensing black holes and neutron star candidates, with potential confirmation through forthcoming release of the Gaia time-series astrometry in 2026. Utilizing Bayesian analysis and Galactic models, along with the Gaia Data Release 3 proper-motion data, four good candidates for dark remnants were identified: OGLE-2016-BLG-0293, OGLE-2018-BLG-0483, OGLE-2018-BLG-0662, and OGLE-2015-BLG-0149, with lens masses of ${3.0}_{-1.3}^{+1.8}\,{M}_{\odot }$ , ${4.7}_{-2.1}^{+3.2}\,{M}_{\odot }$ , ${3.15}_{-0.64}^{+0.66}\,{M}_{\odot }$ and ${1.40}_{-0.55}^{+0.75}\,{M}_{\odot }$ , respectively. Notably, the first two candidates are expected to exhibit astrometric microlensing signals detectable by Gaia, offering the prospect of validating the lens masses. The methodologies developed in this work will be applied to the full Spitzer microlensing sample, populating and analyzing the timescale ( t _E ) versus parallax ( π _E ) diagram to derive constraints on the population of lenses in general and massive remnants in particular.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7bb1Astrometric microlensing effectGravitational microlensingSatellite microlensing parallaxMicrolensing parallaxBlack holesNeutron stars |
| spellingShingle | Krzysztof A. Rybicki Yossi Shvartzvald Jennifer C. Yee Sebastiano Calchi Novati Eran O. Ofek Ian A. Bond Charles Beichman Geoff Bryden Sean Carey Calen Henderson Wei Zhu Michael M. Fausnaugh Benjamin Wibking The Spitzer Team Andrzej Udalski Radek Poleski Przemek Mróz Michał K. Szymański Igor Soszyński Paweł Pietrukowicz Szymon Kozłowski Jan Skowron Krzysztof Ulaczyk Patryk Iwanek Marcin Wrona The OGLE Collaboration Yoon-Hyun Ryu Michael D. Albrow Sun-Ju Chung Andrew Gould Cheongho Han Kyu-Ha Hwang Youn Kil Jung In-Gu Shin Hongjing Yang Weicheng Zang Sang-Mok Cha Dong-Jin Kim Hyoun-Woo Kim Seung-Lee Kim Chung-Uk Lee Dong-Joo Lee Yongseok Lee Byeong-Gon Park Richard W. Pogge The KMTNet Collaboration Fumio Abe Richard Barry David P. Bennett Aparna Bhattacharya Akihiko Fukui Ryusei Hamada Shunya Hamada Naoto Hamasaki Yuki Hirao Stela Ishitani Silva Yoshitaka Itow Rintaro Kirikawa Naoki Koshimoto Yutaka Matsubara Shota Miyazaki Yasushi Muraki Tutumi Nagai Kansuke Nunota Greg Olmschenk Clement Ranc Nicholas J. Rattenbury Yuki K. Satoh Takahiro Sumi Daisuke Suzuki Paul. J. Tristram Aikaterini Vandorou Hibiki Yama MOA collaboration Łukasz Wyrzykowski Kornel Howil Katarzyna Kruszyńska Analysis of the Full Spitzer Microlensing Sample. I. Dark Remnant Candidates and Gaia Predictions The Astrophysical Journal Astrometric microlensing effect Gravitational microlensing Satellite microlensing parallax Microlensing parallax Black holes Neutron stars |
| title | Analysis of the Full Spitzer Microlensing Sample. I. Dark Remnant Candidates and Gaia Predictions |
| title_full | Analysis of the Full Spitzer Microlensing Sample. I. Dark Remnant Candidates and Gaia Predictions |
| title_fullStr | Analysis of the Full Spitzer Microlensing Sample. I. Dark Remnant Candidates and Gaia Predictions |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analysis of the Full Spitzer Microlensing Sample. I. Dark Remnant Candidates and Gaia Predictions |
| title_short | Analysis of the Full Spitzer Microlensing Sample. I. Dark Remnant Candidates and Gaia Predictions |
| title_sort | analysis of the full spitzer microlensing sample i dark remnant candidates and gaia predictions |
| topic | Astrometric microlensing effect Gravitational microlensing Satellite microlensing parallax Microlensing parallax Black holes Neutron stars |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7bb1 |
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AT takahirosumi analysisofthefullspitzermicrolensingsampleidarkremnantcandidatesandgaiapredictions AT daisukesuzuki analysisofthefullspitzermicrolensingsampleidarkremnantcandidatesandgaiapredictions AT pauljtristram analysisofthefullspitzermicrolensingsampleidarkremnantcandidatesandgaiapredictions AT aikaterinivandorou analysisofthefullspitzermicrolensingsampleidarkremnantcandidatesandgaiapredictions AT hibikiyama analysisofthefullspitzermicrolensingsampleidarkremnantcandidatesandgaiapredictions AT moacollaboration analysisofthefullspitzermicrolensingsampleidarkremnantcandidatesandgaiapredictions AT łukaszwyrzykowski analysisofthefullspitzermicrolensingsampleidarkremnantcandidatesandgaiapredictions AT kornelhowil analysisofthefullspitzermicrolensingsampleidarkremnantcandidatesandgaiapredictions AT katarzynakruszynska analysisofthefullspitzermicrolensingsampleidarkremnantcandidatesandgaiapredictions |