Matched-pair hybrid test paradigm for behind armor blunt trauma using an experimental animal model
Background The current behind armor blunt trauma (BABT) injury criterion uses a single penetration limit of 44 mm in Roma Plastilina clay and is not specific to thoracoabdominal regions. However, different regions in the human body have different injury tolerances. This manuscript presents a matched...
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BMJ Publishing Group
2024-07-01
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| Series: | Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open |
| Online Access: | https://tsaco.bmj.com/content/9/1/e001194.full |
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| author | Narayan Yoganandan Alok Shah Jamie Baisden Brian Stemper Mary Otterson Lewis Somberg Cameron Bass Robert Salzar Justin McMahon Carol Chancey Joseph McEntire |
| author_facet | Narayan Yoganandan Alok Shah Jamie Baisden Brian Stemper Mary Otterson Lewis Somberg Cameron Bass Robert Salzar Justin McMahon Carol Chancey Joseph McEntire |
| author_sort | Narayan Yoganandan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background The current behind armor blunt trauma (BABT) injury criterion uses a single penetration limit of 44 mm in Roma Plastilina clay and is not specific to thoracoabdominal regions. However, different regions in the human body have different injury tolerances. This manuscript presents a matched-pair hybrid test paradigm with different experimental models and candidate metrics to develop regional human injury criteria.Methods Live and cadaver swine were used as matched pair experimental models. An impactor simulating backface deformation profiles produced by body armor from military-relevant ballistics was used to deliver BABT loading to liver and lung regions in cadaver and live swine. Impact loading was characterized using peak accelerations and energy. For live swine, physiological parameters were monitored for 6 hours, animals were euthanized, and a detailed necropsy was done to identify injuries to skeletal structures, organs and soft tissues. A similar process was used to identify injuries to the cadaver swine for targeted thoracoabdominal regions.Results Two cadavers and one live swine were subjected to BABT impacts to the liver. One cadaver and one live swine were subjected to BABT impacts to the left lung. Injuries to both regions were similar at similar energies between the cadaver and live models.Conclusions Swine is an established animal for thoracoabdominal impact studies in automotive standards, although at lower insult levels. Similarities in BABT responses between cadaver and live swine allow for extending testing protocols to human cadavers and for the development of scaling relationships between animal and human cadavers, acting as a hybrid protocol between species and live and cadaver models. Injury tolerances and injury risk curves from live animals can be converted to human tolerances via structural scaling using these outcomes. The present experimental paradigm can be used to develop region-based BABT injury criteria, which are not currently available. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-69f3bd85efbd4415b14bbde56dec32cd |
| institution | OA Journals |
| issn | 2397-5776 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-07-01 |
| publisher | BMJ Publishing Group |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open |
| spelling | doaj-art-69f3bd85efbd4415b14bbde56dec32cd2025-08-20T02:13:55ZengBMJ Publishing GroupTrauma Surgery & Acute Care Open2397-57762024-07-019110.1136/tsaco-2023-001194Matched-pair hybrid test paradigm for behind armor blunt trauma using an experimental animal modelNarayan Yoganandan0Alok Shah1Jamie Baisden2Brian Stemper3Mary Otterson4Lewis Somberg5Cameron Bass6Robert Salzar7Justin McMahon8Carol Chancey9Joseph McEntire10Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USANeurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USANeurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USANeurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USASurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USASurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USABiomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USAMechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USAMechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USAInjury Biomechanics and Protection Group, USAARL, Fort Rucker, Alabama, USAInjury Biomechanics and Protection Group, USAARL, Fort Rucker, Alabama, USABackground The current behind armor blunt trauma (BABT) injury criterion uses a single penetration limit of 44 mm in Roma Plastilina clay and is not specific to thoracoabdominal regions. However, different regions in the human body have different injury tolerances. This manuscript presents a matched-pair hybrid test paradigm with different experimental models and candidate metrics to develop regional human injury criteria.Methods Live and cadaver swine were used as matched pair experimental models. An impactor simulating backface deformation profiles produced by body armor from military-relevant ballistics was used to deliver BABT loading to liver and lung regions in cadaver and live swine. Impact loading was characterized using peak accelerations and energy. For live swine, physiological parameters were monitored for 6 hours, animals were euthanized, and a detailed necropsy was done to identify injuries to skeletal structures, organs and soft tissues. A similar process was used to identify injuries to the cadaver swine for targeted thoracoabdominal regions.Results Two cadavers and one live swine were subjected to BABT impacts to the liver. One cadaver and one live swine were subjected to BABT impacts to the left lung. Injuries to both regions were similar at similar energies between the cadaver and live models.Conclusions Swine is an established animal for thoracoabdominal impact studies in automotive standards, although at lower insult levels. Similarities in BABT responses between cadaver and live swine allow for extending testing protocols to human cadavers and for the development of scaling relationships between animal and human cadavers, acting as a hybrid protocol between species and live and cadaver models. Injury tolerances and injury risk curves from live animals can be converted to human tolerances via structural scaling using these outcomes. The present experimental paradigm can be used to develop region-based BABT injury criteria, which are not currently available.https://tsaco.bmj.com/content/9/1/e001194.full |
| spellingShingle | Narayan Yoganandan Alok Shah Jamie Baisden Brian Stemper Mary Otterson Lewis Somberg Cameron Bass Robert Salzar Justin McMahon Carol Chancey Joseph McEntire Matched-pair hybrid test paradigm for behind armor blunt trauma using an experimental animal model Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open |
| title | Matched-pair hybrid test paradigm for behind armor blunt trauma using an experimental animal model |
| title_full | Matched-pair hybrid test paradigm for behind armor blunt trauma using an experimental animal model |
| title_fullStr | Matched-pair hybrid test paradigm for behind armor blunt trauma using an experimental animal model |
| title_full_unstemmed | Matched-pair hybrid test paradigm for behind armor blunt trauma using an experimental animal model |
| title_short | Matched-pair hybrid test paradigm for behind armor blunt trauma using an experimental animal model |
| title_sort | matched pair hybrid test paradigm for behind armor blunt trauma using an experimental animal model |
| url | https://tsaco.bmj.com/content/9/1/e001194.full |
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