Lactic Acid and Glutamine Have Positive Synergistic Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Function, and Microflora of Weaning Piglets
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of lactic acid and glutamine, and their interactions, on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal barrier functions, microflora, and expressions of intestinal development-related gene...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Junjie Jiang Daiwen Chen Bing Yu Jun He Jie Yu Xiangbing Mao Zhiqing Huang Yuheng Luo Junqiu Luo Ping Zheng |
| author_facet | Junjie Jiang Daiwen Chen Bing Yu Jun He Jie Yu Xiangbing Mao Zhiqing Huang Yuheng Luo Junqiu Luo Ping Zheng |
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| description | The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of lactic acid and glutamine, and their interactions, on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal barrier functions, microflora, and expressions of intestinal development-related genes of weaning piglets. Ninety-six 24-day-old weaning piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, weaned at 21 ± 1 d and fed the basal diet for a 3 d adaptation period) with initial body weight of 7.24 ± 0.09 kg were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment and four pigs per replicate in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangements: (1) CON (a 2-period basal diet; control), (2) LS (supplemented with 2% lactic acid), (3) GS (supplemented with 1% glutamine), and (4) LGS (supplemented with 2% lactic acid and 1% glutamine). The study lasted for 28 d. On days 25–28, fresh fecal samples were collected to evaluate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients. After 28 d, one weaning pig per pen was euthanized, and physiological samples obtained. Results showed that the supplementation of lactic acid improved the ADFI of the pigs (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while the pigs fed the glutamine diet had a greater ADFI and higher G/F (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and there were significant interactive effects between lactic acid and glutamine on the ADFI and G/F of the pigs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The ATTD of CP and ash for pigs fed with lactic acid was significantly enhanced, and pigs fed the glutamine diet had greater ATTD of CP and ash (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while there were significant interactive effects between lactic acid and glutamine on the ATTD of CP and ash of the pigs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Pigs fed with lactic acid exhibited greater activity of α-amylase and lipase (<i>p</i> < 0.05); moreover, the activity of lipase in the pigs showed a significant interactive effect between lactic acid and glutamine (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There was a greater villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in pigs fed with lactic acid (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and the villus height to crypt depth ratio of pigs fed with glutamine was greater (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There were greater <i>GLUT2</i>, <i>IGF-1</i>, <i>TGF-β2</i>, <i>OCLN</i>, and <i>ZO-1</i> mRNA levels in pigs fed with lactic acid (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and the supplementation of glutamine increased <i>SGLT1</i>, <i>GLUT2</i>, <i>PepT1</i>, <i>IGF-1</i>, <i>IGF-1R</i>, <i>TGFβ-2</i>, <i>GLP-2</i>, and <i>OCLN</i> mRNA levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05), Additionally, expressions of <i>SGLT1</i>, <i>GLUT2</i>, <i>PepT1</i>, <i>IGF-1</i>, <i>IGF-1R</i>, <i>TGFβ-2</i>, <i>GLP-2</i>, <i>CLDN-2</i>, <i>OCLN</i>, and <i>ZO-1</i> mRNA levels of pigs showed a positive interactive effect between lactic acid and glutamine (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Supplementation of lactic acid significantly increased the populations of <i>Bifidobacterium</i> in cecal digesta, <i>Lactobacillus</i> in colonic digesta, and the content of butyric acid in colonic digesta (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In addition, there were significant interactive effects between lactic acid and glutamine on populations of <i>Bifidobacterium</i> in cecal digesta, <i>Lactobacillus</i> in colonic digesta, and the content of acetic acid, butyric acid, and total VFAs in cecal digesta of the pigs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Collectively, the current results indicate that dietary supplementation with lactic acid and glutamine had a positive synergistic effect on weaning pigs, which could improve growth performance through promoting the development of the small intestine, increasing digestive and barrier function, and regulating the balance of microflora in pigs, and which might be a potential feeding additive ensemble to enhance the health and growth of weaning piglets in the post-antibiotic era. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-695fc6575f7d4f0fb4ad82f92ff94398 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
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| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj-art-695fc6575f7d4f0fb4ad82f92ff943982024-12-13T16:21:35ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152024-12-011423353210.3390/ani14233532Lactic Acid and Glutamine Have Positive Synergistic Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Function, and Microflora of Weaning PigletsJunjie Jiang0Daiwen Chen1Bing Yu2Jun He3Jie Yu4Xiangbing Mao5Zhiqing Huang6Yuheng Luo7Junqiu Luo8Ping Zheng9Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaKey Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, ChinaThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary addition of lactic acid and glutamine, and their interactions, on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, intestinal barrier functions, microflora, and expressions of intestinal development-related genes of weaning piglets. Ninety-six 24-day-old weaning piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, weaned at 21 ± 1 d and fed the basal diet for a 3 d adaptation period) with initial body weight of 7.24 ± 0.09 kg were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment and four pigs per replicate in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangements: (1) CON (a 2-period basal diet; control), (2) LS (supplemented with 2% lactic acid), (3) GS (supplemented with 1% glutamine), and (4) LGS (supplemented with 2% lactic acid and 1% glutamine). The study lasted for 28 d. On days 25–28, fresh fecal samples were collected to evaluate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients. After 28 d, one weaning pig per pen was euthanized, and physiological samples obtained. Results showed that the supplementation of lactic acid improved the ADFI of the pigs (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while the pigs fed the glutamine diet had a greater ADFI and higher G/F (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and there were significant interactive effects between lactic acid and glutamine on the ADFI and G/F of the pigs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The ATTD of CP and ash for pigs fed with lactic acid was significantly enhanced, and pigs fed the glutamine diet had greater ATTD of CP and ash (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while there were significant interactive effects between lactic acid and glutamine on the ATTD of CP and ash of the pigs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Pigs fed with lactic acid exhibited greater activity of α-amylase and lipase (<i>p</i> < 0.05); moreover, the activity of lipase in the pigs showed a significant interactive effect between lactic acid and glutamine (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There was a greater villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio in pigs fed with lactic acid (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and the villus height to crypt depth ratio of pigs fed with glutamine was greater (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There were greater <i>GLUT2</i>, <i>IGF-1</i>, <i>TGF-β2</i>, <i>OCLN</i>, and <i>ZO-1</i> mRNA levels in pigs fed with lactic acid (<i>p</i> < 0.05), and the supplementation of glutamine increased <i>SGLT1</i>, <i>GLUT2</i>, <i>PepT1</i>, <i>IGF-1</i>, <i>IGF-1R</i>, <i>TGFβ-2</i>, <i>GLP-2</i>, and <i>OCLN</i> mRNA levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05), Additionally, expressions of <i>SGLT1</i>, <i>GLUT2</i>, <i>PepT1</i>, <i>IGF-1</i>, <i>IGF-1R</i>, <i>TGFβ-2</i>, <i>GLP-2</i>, <i>CLDN-2</i>, <i>OCLN</i>, and <i>ZO-1</i> mRNA levels of pigs showed a positive interactive effect between lactic acid and glutamine (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Supplementation of lactic acid significantly increased the populations of <i>Bifidobacterium</i> in cecal digesta, <i>Lactobacillus</i> in colonic digesta, and the content of butyric acid in colonic digesta (<i>p</i> < 0.05). In addition, there were significant interactive effects between lactic acid and glutamine on populations of <i>Bifidobacterium</i> in cecal digesta, <i>Lactobacillus</i> in colonic digesta, and the content of acetic acid, butyric acid, and total VFAs in cecal digesta of the pigs (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Collectively, the current results indicate that dietary supplementation with lactic acid and glutamine had a positive synergistic effect on weaning pigs, which could improve growth performance through promoting the development of the small intestine, increasing digestive and barrier function, and regulating the balance of microflora in pigs, and which might be a potential feeding additive ensemble to enhance the health and growth of weaning piglets in the post-antibiotic era.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/23/3532weaning pigletlactic acidglutaminegrowth performanceintestinal functionmicroflora |
| spellingShingle | Junjie Jiang Daiwen Chen Bing Yu Jun He Jie Yu Xiangbing Mao Zhiqing Huang Yuheng Luo Junqiu Luo Ping Zheng Lactic Acid and Glutamine Have Positive Synergistic Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Function, and Microflora of Weaning Piglets Animals weaning piglet lactic acid glutamine growth performance intestinal function microflora |
| title | Lactic Acid and Glutamine Have Positive Synergistic Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Function, and Microflora of Weaning Piglets |
| title_full | Lactic Acid and Glutamine Have Positive Synergistic Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Function, and Microflora of Weaning Piglets |
| title_fullStr | Lactic Acid and Glutamine Have Positive Synergistic Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Function, and Microflora of Weaning Piglets |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lactic Acid and Glutamine Have Positive Synergistic Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Function, and Microflora of Weaning Piglets |
| title_short | Lactic Acid and Glutamine Have Positive Synergistic Effects on Growth Performance, Intestinal Function, and Microflora of Weaning Piglets |
| title_sort | lactic acid and glutamine have positive synergistic effects on growth performance intestinal function and microflora of weaning piglets |
| topic | weaning piglet lactic acid glutamine growth performance intestinal function microflora |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/14/23/3532 |
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