Toward a better understanding of the relationship between influenza vaccine efficacy against specific and non-specific endpoints and vaccine efficacy against influenza infection
In influenza vaccination studies assessing vaccine efficacy (VE), both specific and non-specific endpoints (outcomes) are used. We present a formula for the relationship between VE against influenza-related outcomes (VEO), specific and non-specific, and that against influenza infection (VEI). In its...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Milano University Press
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health |
| Online Access: | https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/ebph/article/view/17439 |
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| author | Jozef Nauta Walter EP Beyer Erna PJA Kimp |
| author_facet | Jozef Nauta Walter EP Beyer Erna PJA Kimp |
| author_sort | Jozef Nauta |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In influenza vaccination studies assessing vaccine efficacy (VE), both specific and non-specific endpoints (outcomes) are used. We present a formula for the relationship between VE against influenza-related outcomes (VEO), specific and non-specific, and that against influenza infection (VEI). In its simplest form, the formula comprises two additional parameters: the influenza attack rate among unvaccinated subjects, and the relative risk of the outcome for influenza infected subjects versus non-infected subjects. Both parameters may show large between-seasonal variation, which translates to a large between-seasonal variation of VEO estimates. With the full form of the formula it can be shown that, contrary to popular believe, VEO may be greater than VEI. We argue that interpreting VEO estimates in terms of “low” or “high” is not possible without taking the costs of an outcome case into account. We conclude that the decision to use a non-specific endpoint as surrogate for influenza infection should be taken in the awareness of these limitations. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-6938bf6ff02e403a83339958d7b62c18 |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2282-0930 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
| publisher | Milano University Press |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health |
| spelling | doaj-art-6938bf6ff02e403a83339958d7b62c182025-08-20T03:06:02ZengMilano University PressEpidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health2282-09302022-03-0114410.2427/12367Toward a better understanding of the relationship between influenza vaccine efficacy against specific and non-specific endpoints and vaccine efficacy against influenza infectionJozef Nauta0Walter EP Beyer1Erna PJA KimpAbbott Established Pharmaceuticals Division Weespjos.nauta@abbott.comIn influenza vaccination studies assessing vaccine efficacy (VE), both specific and non-specific endpoints (outcomes) are used. We present a formula for the relationship between VE against influenza-related outcomes (VEO), specific and non-specific, and that against influenza infection (VEI). In its simplest form, the formula comprises two additional parameters: the influenza attack rate among unvaccinated subjects, and the relative risk of the outcome for influenza infected subjects versus non-infected subjects. Both parameters may show large between-seasonal variation, which translates to a large between-seasonal variation of VEO estimates. With the full form of the formula it can be shown that, contrary to popular believe, VEO may be greater than VEI. We argue that interpreting VEO estimates in terms of “low” or “high” is not possible without taking the costs of an outcome case into account. We conclude that the decision to use a non-specific endpoint as surrogate for influenza infection should be taken in the awareness of these limitations.https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/ebph/article/view/17439 |
| spellingShingle | Jozef Nauta Walter EP Beyer Erna PJA Kimp Toward a better understanding of the relationship between influenza vaccine efficacy against specific and non-specific endpoints and vaccine efficacy against influenza infection Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health |
| title | Toward a better understanding of the relationship between influenza vaccine efficacy against specific and non-specific endpoints and vaccine efficacy against influenza infection |
| title_full | Toward a better understanding of the relationship between influenza vaccine efficacy against specific and non-specific endpoints and vaccine efficacy against influenza infection |
| title_fullStr | Toward a better understanding of the relationship between influenza vaccine efficacy against specific and non-specific endpoints and vaccine efficacy against influenza infection |
| title_full_unstemmed | Toward a better understanding of the relationship between influenza vaccine efficacy against specific and non-specific endpoints and vaccine efficacy against influenza infection |
| title_short | Toward a better understanding of the relationship between influenza vaccine efficacy against specific and non-specific endpoints and vaccine efficacy against influenza infection |
| title_sort | toward a better understanding of the relationship between influenza vaccine efficacy against specific and non specific endpoints and vaccine efficacy against influenza infection |
| url | https://riviste.unimi.it/index.php/ebph/article/view/17439 |
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