Extraction of kaolin and tribo informative analysis of the Al-kaolin composite through machine learning approaches

Abstract Microwave fabrication of aluminium composites has emerged as a novel and trending technique in the current industrial landscape due to its efficiency and energy-saving potential. In this study, Al-kaolin composites were fabricated using microwave energy techniques, focusing on predictive mo...

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Main Authors: V. S. S. Venkatesh, Guttikonda Manohar, Pandu Ranga Vundavilli, M. M. Mahapatra, Ashish Goyal, Abhijit Bhowmik
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-04-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97782-x
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author V. S. S. Venkatesh
Guttikonda Manohar
Pandu Ranga Vundavilli
M. M. Mahapatra
Ashish Goyal
Abhijit Bhowmik
author_facet V. S. S. Venkatesh
Guttikonda Manohar
Pandu Ranga Vundavilli
M. M. Mahapatra
Ashish Goyal
Abhijit Bhowmik
author_sort V. S. S. Venkatesh
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Microwave fabrication of aluminium composites has emerged as a novel and trending technique in the current industrial landscape due to its efficiency and energy-saving potential. In this study, Al-kaolin composites were fabricated using microwave energy techniques, focusing on predictive modelling of the microwave-assisted Al-kaolin composite’s wear rate and coefficient of friction (COF). The fabricated composites were evaluated for hardness, wear rate, and coefficient of friction (COF) under varying parameters. It was observed that 4 wt% kaolin is the optimal reinforcement fraction, resulting in a 34% improvement in tensile strength, while hardness showed a consistent increase up to 4 wt% Kaolin, reaching a maximum value of 96 RHC. Additionally, wear rate and COF exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing kaolin content, indicating enhanced tribological performance. The lowest wear rate of 3.2 × 10⁻4 mm3/Nm and COF of 0.42 were observed for the 4 wt% Kaolin composite, demonstrating improved wear resistance. To further understand and predict the behaviour of the composites, a systematic dataset was collected, and various machine learning (ML) models were trained and tested for predictive modelling of wear rate and COF. Among the trained models, XGBoost demonstrated the highest predictive accuracy, achieving 94.33% for wear rate and 94.62% for COF. A feature importance analysis revealed that the standard of distance (Sod) was the most influential parameter affecting these outputs.
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spelling doaj-art-690f381bd2b44b6f9c1aee2420c12ff32025-08-20T02:17:54ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-04-0115112310.1038/s41598-025-97782-xExtraction of kaolin and tribo informative analysis of the Al-kaolin composite through machine learning approachesV. S. S. Venkatesh0Guttikonda Manohar1Pandu Ranga Vundavilli2M. M. Mahapatra3Ashish Goyal4Abhijit Bhowmik5School of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology BhubaneswarDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, C.V.R College of EngineeringSchool of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology BhubaneswarSchool of Mechanical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology BhubaneswarDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University JaipurDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Dream Institute of TechnologyAbstract Microwave fabrication of aluminium composites has emerged as a novel and trending technique in the current industrial landscape due to its efficiency and energy-saving potential. In this study, Al-kaolin composites were fabricated using microwave energy techniques, focusing on predictive modelling of the microwave-assisted Al-kaolin composite’s wear rate and coefficient of friction (COF). The fabricated composites were evaluated for hardness, wear rate, and coefficient of friction (COF) under varying parameters. It was observed that 4 wt% kaolin is the optimal reinforcement fraction, resulting in a 34% improvement in tensile strength, while hardness showed a consistent increase up to 4 wt% Kaolin, reaching a maximum value of 96 RHC. Additionally, wear rate and COF exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing kaolin content, indicating enhanced tribological performance. The lowest wear rate of 3.2 × 10⁻4 mm3/Nm and COF of 0.42 were observed for the 4 wt% Kaolin composite, demonstrating improved wear resistance. To further understand and predict the behaviour of the composites, a systematic dataset was collected, and various machine learning (ML) models were trained and tested for predictive modelling of wear rate and COF. Among the trained models, XGBoost demonstrated the highest predictive accuracy, achieving 94.33% for wear rate and 94.62% for COF. A feature importance analysis revealed that the standard of distance (Sod) was the most influential parameter affecting these outputs.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97782-xMicrowave sinteringKaolinMachine learningWear rateCoefficient of friction
spellingShingle V. S. S. Venkatesh
Guttikonda Manohar
Pandu Ranga Vundavilli
M. M. Mahapatra
Ashish Goyal
Abhijit Bhowmik
Extraction of kaolin and tribo informative analysis of the Al-kaolin composite through machine learning approaches
Scientific Reports
Microwave sintering
Kaolin
Machine learning
Wear rate
Coefficient of friction
title Extraction of kaolin and tribo informative analysis of the Al-kaolin composite through machine learning approaches
title_full Extraction of kaolin and tribo informative analysis of the Al-kaolin composite through machine learning approaches
title_fullStr Extraction of kaolin and tribo informative analysis of the Al-kaolin composite through machine learning approaches
title_full_unstemmed Extraction of kaolin and tribo informative analysis of the Al-kaolin composite through machine learning approaches
title_short Extraction of kaolin and tribo informative analysis of the Al-kaolin composite through machine learning approaches
title_sort extraction of kaolin and tribo informative analysis of the al kaolin composite through machine learning approaches
topic Microwave sintering
Kaolin
Machine learning
Wear rate
Coefficient of friction
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-97782-x
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