Inner-Loop Controllers for Grid-Forming Converters

This paper presents a detailed discrete-time implementation of an inner-loop voltage controller with a current limiter for grid-forming converters with an LC filter connected to the grid. The proposed approach utilizes a state feedback control law that depends on the states of both the converter and...

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Main Authors: Alexandre Trevisan Pereira, André Pacheco Meurer, Humberto Pinheiro
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Series:Applied Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/3007
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author Alexandre Trevisan Pereira
André Pacheco Meurer
Humberto Pinheiro
author_facet Alexandre Trevisan Pereira
André Pacheco Meurer
Humberto Pinheiro
author_sort Alexandre Trevisan Pereira
collection DOAJ
description This paper presents a detailed discrete-time implementation of an inner-loop voltage controller with a current limiter for grid-forming converters with an LC filter connected to the grid. The proposed approach utilizes a state feedback control law that depends on the states of both the converter and the internal model controller. Additionally, a resonant controller is designed to accurately track the fundamental frequency of the grid voltage. The stability of the proposed controller is analyzed for both virtual impedance and virtual admittance implementations. To validate the controller’s effectiveness, simulation results are provided using a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) setup, alongside a comparison of different virtual impedance implementations.
format Article
id doaj-art-68fe054ba82b4b8697a9aa2599f61cbb
institution DOAJ
issn 2076-3417
language English
publishDate 2025-03-01
publisher MDPI AG
record_format Article
series Applied Sciences
spelling doaj-art-68fe054ba82b4b8697a9aa2599f61cbb2025-08-20T02:42:45ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172025-03-01156300710.3390/app15063007Inner-Loop Controllers for Grid-Forming ConvertersAlexandre Trevisan Pereira0André Pacheco Meurer1Humberto Pinheiro2Campus Sapiranga, Instituto Federal Sul-rio-Grandense, Pelotas 96015-360, BrazilCampus Farroupilha, Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Bento Gonçalves 95700-344, BrazilGEPOC, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, BrazilThis paper presents a detailed discrete-time implementation of an inner-loop voltage controller with a current limiter for grid-forming converters with an LC filter connected to the grid. The proposed approach utilizes a state feedback control law that depends on the states of both the converter and the internal model controller. Additionally, a resonant controller is designed to accurately track the fundamental frequency of the grid voltage. The stability of the proposed controller is analyzed for both virtual impedance and virtual admittance implementations. To validate the controller’s effectiveness, simulation results are provided using a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) setup, alongside a comparison of different virtual impedance implementations.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/3007grid forminginner-loop controlmicrogridvirtual impedanceNorthon equivalent
spellingShingle Alexandre Trevisan Pereira
André Pacheco Meurer
Humberto Pinheiro
Inner-Loop Controllers for Grid-Forming Converters
Applied Sciences
grid forming
inner-loop control
microgrid
virtual impedance
Northon equivalent
title Inner-Loop Controllers for Grid-Forming Converters
title_full Inner-Loop Controllers for Grid-Forming Converters
title_fullStr Inner-Loop Controllers for Grid-Forming Converters
title_full_unstemmed Inner-Loop Controllers for Grid-Forming Converters
title_short Inner-Loop Controllers for Grid-Forming Converters
title_sort inner loop controllers for grid forming converters
topic grid forming
inner-loop control
microgrid
virtual impedance
Northon equivalent
url https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/3007
work_keys_str_mv AT alexandretrevisanpereira innerloopcontrollersforgridformingconverters
AT andrepachecomeurer innerloopcontrollersforgridformingconverters
AT humbertopinheiro innerloopcontrollersforgridformingconverters