Joint physical custody of children in Europe: A growing phenomenon

BACKGROUND: Large-scale cross-country comparisons of children’s physical custody (which parent the child lives with after separation) are dated and limited in the age range of children considered. OBJECTIVE: We document the level of sole and joint physical custody (JPC, both equal and unequal) for c...

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Main Authors: Mia Hakovirta, Daniel R. Meyer, Milla Salin, Eija Lindroos, Mari Haapanen
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research 2023-09-01
Series:Demographic Research
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.demographic-research.org/articles/volume/49/18
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author Mia Hakovirta
Daniel R. Meyer
Milla Salin
Eija Lindroos
Mari Haapanen
author_facet Mia Hakovirta
Daniel R. Meyer
Milla Salin
Eija Lindroos
Mari Haapanen
author_sort Mia Hakovirta
collection DOAJ
description BACKGROUND: Large-scale cross-country comparisons of children’s physical custody (which parent the child lives with after separation) are dated and limited in the age range of children considered. OBJECTIVE: We document the level of sole and joint physical custody (JPC, both equal and unequal) for children in European countries using data from 2021. METHODS: This article uses a new module on the living arrangements of children from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey. Our final sample comprises 9,102 children from 17 European countries. Analysis is descriptive. RESULTS: One in eight children in separated families has equal JPC arrangements; another 8.2% spend at least one-third of their time with each parent (but not exactly half-time), so 20.7% have some type of JPC. Direct comparisons with previous estimates show a doubling of the prevalence of JPC in less than 20 years. Substantial cross-national variation exists: In the Northern European countries, Belgium, France, Slovenia, and Spain, children are most likely to have JPC. Children in the age groups 6–10 and 11–15 are more likely to have JPC than younger or older children. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to previous studies with data from 2002–2010, there has been an increase in JPC for children from separated families in Europe. Cross-country differences are large, but growth is not limited to a few countries. This paper improves on previous cross-national analyses by using more recent data, incorporating all ages of children, and considering unequal and well as equal time. CONTRIBUTION: This paper improves on previous cross-national analyses by using more recent data, incorporating all ages of children, and considering unequal and well as equal time.
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spelling doaj-art-68eb8469ae5346ef9428c467f24bfc5a2025-08-20T02:52:30ZengMax Planck Institute for Demographic ResearchDemographic Research1435-98712023-09-01491847949210.4054/DemRes.2023.49.186122Joint physical custody of children in Europe: A growing phenomenon Mia Hakovirta0Daniel R. Meyer1Milla Salin2Eija Lindroos3Mari Haapanen4Turun Yliopisto (University of Turku)University of Wisconsin–MadisonTurun Yliopisto (University of Turku)Turun Yliopisto (University of Turku)Turun Yliopisto (University of Turku)BACKGROUND: Large-scale cross-country comparisons of children’s physical custody (which parent the child lives with after separation) are dated and limited in the age range of children considered. OBJECTIVE: We document the level of sole and joint physical custody (JPC, both equal and unequal) for children in European countries using data from 2021. METHODS: This article uses a new module on the living arrangements of children from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey. Our final sample comprises 9,102 children from 17 European countries. Analysis is descriptive. RESULTS: One in eight children in separated families has equal JPC arrangements; another 8.2% spend at least one-third of their time with each parent (but not exactly half-time), so 20.7% have some type of JPC. Direct comparisons with previous estimates show a doubling of the prevalence of JPC in less than 20 years. Substantial cross-national variation exists: In the Northern European countries, Belgium, France, Slovenia, and Spain, children are most likely to have JPC. Children in the age groups 6–10 and 11–15 are more likely to have JPC than younger or older children. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to previous studies with data from 2002–2010, there has been an increase in JPC for children from separated families in Europe. Cross-country differences are large, but growth is not limited to a few countries. This paper improves on previous cross-national analyses by using more recent data, incorporating all ages of children, and considering unequal and well as equal time. CONTRIBUTION: This paper improves on previous cross-national analyses by using more recent data, incorporating all ages of children, and considering unequal and well as equal time. https://www.demographic-research.org/articles/volume/49/18child custodyfamilyfamily changeshared residence
spellingShingle Mia Hakovirta
Daniel R. Meyer
Milla Salin
Eija Lindroos
Mari Haapanen
Joint physical custody of children in Europe: A growing phenomenon
Demographic Research
child custody
family
family change
shared residence
title Joint physical custody of children in Europe: A growing phenomenon
title_full Joint physical custody of children in Europe: A growing phenomenon
title_fullStr Joint physical custody of children in Europe: A growing phenomenon
title_full_unstemmed Joint physical custody of children in Europe: A growing phenomenon
title_short Joint physical custody of children in Europe: A growing phenomenon
title_sort joint physical custody of children in europe a growing phenomenon
topic child custody
family
family change
shared residence
url https://www.demographic-research.org/articles/volume/49/18
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AT danielrmeyer jointphysicalcustodyofchildrenineuropeagrowingphenomenon
AT millasalin jointphysicalcustodyofchildrenineuropeagrowingphenomenon
AT eijalindroos jointphysicalcustodyofchildrenineuropeagrowingphenomenon
AT marihaapanen jointphysicalcustodyofchildrenineuropeagrowingphenomenon