Multivariate Approach to Antimicrobial Residue Concentrations in Animal‐Derived Products: An Analytical Review
ABSTRACT Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents an alarming global public health concern exacerbated by livestock antibiotic misuse, affecting humans and the environment. However, the precise magnitude of antimicrobial residue concentrations in animal‐derived products remains not well...
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Wiley
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Veterinary Medicine and Science |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70297 |
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| author | Juan Carlos Angeles‐Hernandez David Alejandro Contreras Caro del Castillo Astrid Espinosa‐Sánchez Lizbeth E. Robles‐Jimenez Navid Ghavipanje Manuel Gonzalez‐Ronquillo |
| author_facet | Juan Carlos Angeles‐Hernandez David Alejandro Contreras Caro del Castillo Astrid Espinosa‐Sánchez Lizbeth E. Robles‐Jimenez Navid Ghavipanje Manuel Gonzalez‐Ronquillo |
| author_sort | Juan Carlos Angeles‐Hernandez |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | ABSTRACT Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents an alarming global public health concern exacerbated by livestock antibiotic misuse, affecting humans and the environment. However, the precise magnitude of antimicrobial residue concentrations in animal‐derived products remains not well understood. This study aimed to quantify antimicrobial residues in animal products through an analytical literature review. Methods This review covered the scientific articles from 1977 to 2020. The antimicrobials were classified according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines into four categories. The final database comprised seven qualitative variables (antibiotic, antibiotic class, region, country, decade, EMA category, animal product and animal species) and one quantitative variable (residue concentration recorded as µg/kg). Due to the number of variables involved in the study, a multivariate analysis approach was used using a Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD) carried out in R. Results The highest concentrations of antimicrobial residues were detected in fish samples, followed by egg. Notably, concentrations of ruminant‐derived products were lower than to monogastric. β‐Lactam was the most prevalent residue followed by aminoglycosides, sulphonamides and quinolones, respectively. Moreover, South America had the highest residues levels, followed by Asia and Europe. Conclusions The multivariate analysis reveals a possible association between the EMA category, animal species, antimicrobial class and animal product. In conclusion, the concentration of antimicrobial residues in products of animal origin depends mainly on their origin (product, species and geographic region), showing the highest concentrations in products derived from fish and poultry. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-684c90fa534e4d64be77c4ce5e14479b |
| institution | DOAJ |
| issn | 2053-1095 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Veterinary Medicine and Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-684c90fa534e4d64be77c4ce5e14479b2025-08-20T02:40:42ZengWileyVeterinary Medicine and Science2053-10952025-03-01112n/an/a10.1002/vms3.70297Multivariate Approach to Antimicrobial Residue Concentrations in Animal‐Derived Products: An Analytical ReviewJuan Carlos Angeles‐Hernandez0David Alejandro Contreras Caro del Castillo1Astrid Espinosa‐Sánchez2Lizbeth E. Robles‐Jimenez3Navid Ghavipanje4Manuel Gonzalez‐Ronquillo5Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Rumiantes, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México MéxicoDepartamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Rumiantes, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México MéxicoUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de HidalgoInstituto de Ciencias de la Salud Pachuca de Soto MéxicoFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca Estado de México MéxicoDepartment of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture University of Birjand Birjand IranFacultad de Medicina Veterinaria y ZootecniaUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de México Toluca Estado de México MéxicoABSTRACT Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents an alarming global public health concern exacerbated by livestock antibiotic misuse, affecting humans and the environment. However, the precise magnitude of antimicrobial residue concentrations in animal‐derived products remains not well understood. This study aimed to quantify antimicrobial residues in animal products through an analytical literature review. Methods This review covered the scientific articles from 1977 to 2020. The antimicrobials were classified according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) guidelines into four categories. The final database comprised seven qualitative variables (antibiotic, antibiotic class, region, country, decade, EMA category, animal product and animal species) and one quantitative variable (residue concentration recorded as µg/kg). Due to the number of variables involved in the study, a multivariate analysis approach was used using a Factor Analysis of Mixed Data (FAMD) carried out in R. Results The highest concentrations of antimicrobial residues were detected in fish samples, followed by egg. Notably, concentrations of ruminant‐derived products were lower than to monogastric. β‐Lactam was the most prevalent residue followed by aminoglycosides, sulphonamides and quinolones, respectively. Moreover, South America had the highest residues levels, followed by Asia and Europe. Conclusions The multivariate analysis reveals a possible association between the EMA category, animal species, antimicrobial class and animal product. In conclusion, the concentration of antimicrobial residues in products of animal origin depends mainly on their origin (product, species and geographic region), showing the highest concentrations in products derived from fish and poultry.https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70297antimicrobial resistance (AMR)food chainlivestockpublic health |
| spellingShingle | Juan Carlos Angeles‐Hernandez David Alejandro Contreras Caro del Castillo Astrid Espinosa‐Sánchez Lizbeth E. Robles‐Jimenez Navid Ghavipanje Manuel Gonzalez‐Ronquillo Multivariate Approach to Antimicrobial Residue Concentrations in Animal‐Derived Products: An Analytical Review Veterinary Medicine and Science antimicrobial resistance (AMR) food chain livestock public health |
| title | Multivariate Approach to Antimicrobial Residue Concentrations in Animal‐Derived Products: An Analytical Review |
| title_full | Multivariate Approach to Antimicrobial Residue Concentrations in Animal‐Derived Products: An Analytical Review |
| title_fullStr | Multivariate Approach to Antimicrobial Residue Concentrations in Animal‐Derived Products: An Analytical Review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multivariate Approach to Antimicrobial Residue Concentrations in Animal‐Derived Products: An Analytical Review |
| title_short | Multivariate Approach to Antimicrobial Residue Concentrations in Animal‐Derived Products: An Analytical Review |
| title_sort | multivariate approach to antimicrobial residue concentrations in animal derived products an analytical review |
| topic | antimicrobial resistance (AMR) food chain livestock public health |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70297 |
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