‘I don’t know when it’s my turn’: reasons for low uptake of cancer-related healthcare services in Germany

Abstract Background Participation rates in early cancer detection and follow-up cancer related healthcare services are lower than anticipated in many high-income countries. Germany also provides a variety of these services free-of-charge under its highly subsidized public healthcare system. This qua...

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Main Authors: Ali Zafar, Milena Koch, Luis Weller, Nelli Tschobur, Andreas Ihrig, Till Johannes Bugaj, Gwendolyn Mayer, Franziska Baessler
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:BMC Public Health
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23656-6
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author Ali Zafar
Milena Koch
Luis Weller
Nelli Tschobur
Andreas Ihrig
Till Johannes Bugaj
Gwendolyn Mayer
Franziska Baessler
author_facet Ali Zafar
Milena Koch
Luis Weller
Nelli Tschobur
Andreas Ihrig
Till Johannes Bugaj
Gwendolyn Mayer
Franziska Baessler
author_sort Ali Zafar
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Background Participation rates in early cancer detection and follow-up cancer related healthcare services are lower than anticipated in many high-income countries. Germany also provides a variety of these services free-of-charge under its highly subsidized public healthcare system. This qualitative study aimed to determine the barriers perceived or experienced by service users in Germany against utilizing cancer screenings and treatment services. Methods A semi-structured interview protocol was developed based on current literature and in consultation with stakeholders in cancer-related professions. The interviews aimed at exploring the underlying reasons for underutilization of cancer prevention or treatment services. Interviews were conducted from a pool of respondents (N = 57) from an earlier phase of the study based on voluntary response sampling. All interviews were transcribed verbatim from audio recordings and transcripts were processed in MAXQDA 2022. Two authors analyzed the qualitative data using hybrid inductive-deductive coding methodology described by Udo Kuckartz. Results Overall 23 interviews were conducted. The participants included 13 current or former cancer patients and 10 non-patients [male = 14, female = 9; mean age = 58.65 years (SD = 13.79)]. Lack of awareness and absence of reminders emerged as the most common reason for not attending cancer screenings or treatment services. Most participants described lack of information regarding the availability or timing of the recommended screenings as their main reasons. Other predominant barriers against accessing cancer-related healthcare services were associated with time constraints and work responsibilities, unavailability of physicians and appointments, administrative bureaucracy, fear of negative news, pain or side-effects, low personal relevance, norms of gendered behavior, feelings of shame and insecurity, and communication difficulties with practitioners. Conclusions Most pertinent barriers were rooted in lack of information and awareness about existing cancer-related healthcare services among participants. Our findings suggest that tailored interventions that address systemic, personal and social factors are essential for improving screening uptake. A proactive approach by healthcare personnel and health insurance companies for providing concise and timely information on cancer-related offers to service users is recommended to improve participation rates.
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spelling doaj-art-682bd417214c49a4bfecee294c8dfbbe2025-08-20T03:42:10ZengBMCBMC Public Health1471-24582025-07-0125111310.1186/s12889-025-23656-6‘I don’t know when it’s my turn’: reasons for low uptake of cancer-related healthcare services in GermanyAli Zafar0Milena Koch1Luis Weller2Nelli Tschobur3Andreas Ihrig4Till Johannes Bugaj5Gwendolyn Mayer6Franziska Baessler7Center for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University HospitalCenter for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University HospitalCenter for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University HospitalCenter for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University HospitalCenter for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University HospitalCenter for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University HospitalCenter for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University HospitalCenter for Psychosocial Medicine, Heidelberg University HospitalAbstract Background Participation rates in early cancer detection and follow-up cancer related healthcare services are lower than anticipated in many high-income countries. Germany also provides a variety of these services free-of-charge under its highly subsidized public healthcare system. This qualitative study aimed to determine the barriers perceived or experienced by service users in Germany against utilizing cancer screenings and treatment services. Methods A semi-structured interview protocol was developed based on current literature and in consultation with stakeholders in cancer-related professions. The interviews aimed at exploring the underlying reasons for underutilization of cancer prevention or treatment services. Interviews were conducted from a pool of respondents (N = 57) from an earlier phase of the study based on voluntary response sampling. All interviews were transcribed verbatim from audio recordings and transcripts were processed in MAXQDA 2022. Two authors analyzed the qualitative data using hybrid inductive-deductive coding methodology described by Udo Kuckartz. Results Overall 23 interviews were conducted. The participants included 13 current or former cancer patients and 10 non-patients [male = 14, female = 9; mean age = 58.65 years (SD = 13.79)]. Lack of awareness and absence of reminders emerged as the most common reason for not attending cancer screenings or treatment services. Most participants described lack of information regarding the availability or timing of the recommended screenings as their main reasons. Other predominant barriers against accessing cancer-related healthcare services were associated with time constraints and work responsibilities, unavailability of physicians and appointments, administrative bureaucracy, fear of negative news, pain or side-effects, low personal relevance, norms of gendered behavior, feelings of shame and insecurity, and communication difficulties with practitioners. Conclusions Most pertinent barriers were rooted in lack of information and awareness about existing cancer-related healthcare services among participants. Our findings suggest that tailored interventions that address systemic, personal and social factors are essential for improving screening uptake. A proactive approach by healthcare personnel and health insurance companies for providing concise and timely information on cancer-related offers to service users is recommended to improve participation rates.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23656-6CancerScreeningsHealth seeking behaviorPublic healthBehavioral scienceBarriers
spellingShingle Ali Zafar
Milena Koch
Luis Weller
Nelli Tschobur
Andreas Ihrig
Till Johannes Bugaj
Gwendolyn Mayer
Franziska Baessler
‘I don’t know when it’s my turn’: reasons for low uptake of cancer-related healthcare services in Germany
BMC Public Health
Cancer
Screenings
Health seeking behavior
Public health
Behavioral science
Barriers
title ‘I don’t know when it’s my turn’: reasons for low uptake of cancer-related healthcare services in Germany
title_full ‘I don’t know when it’s my turn’: reasons for low uptake of cancer-related healthcare services in Germany
title_fullStr ‘I don’t know when it’s my turn’: reasons for low uptake of cancer-related healthcare services in Germany
title_full_unstemmed ‘I don’t know when it’s my turn’: reasons for low uptake of cancer-related healthcare services in Germany
title_short ‘I don’t know when it’s my turn’: reasons for low uptake of cancer-related healthcare services in Germany
title_sort i don t know when it s my turn reasons for low uptake of cancer related healthcare services in germany
topic Cancer
Screenings
Health seeking behavior
Public health
Behavioral science
Barriers
url https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23656-6
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